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| Preface | |
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| The Study of Development in Adulthood | |
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| Demography and a Changing View of Adulthood | |
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| Increased Life Expectancy | |
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| The Baby Boom | |
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| Why Study Adult Development? | |
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| Life-Span Developmental Perspective | |
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| Development Is a Lifelong Process | |
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| Development Includes Both Gains and Losses | |
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| Development Is Multidimensional, Multidirectional, and Multicausal | |
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| Development Is Plastic | |
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| Development Is Embedded in Historical, Cultural, and Social Contexts | |
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| Development Is a Multidisciplinary Field | |
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| Research Concepts, Methods, and Designs | |
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| Two Key Concepts in Research: Reliability and Validity | |
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| Methods of Collecting Data | |
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| Nondevelopmental versus Developmental Research | |
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| General Research Designs | |
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| Developmental Research Designs | |
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| Special Considerations and Limitations in the Research | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Ageism | |
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| Cultural, Racial, Socioeconomic, and Gender Bias | |
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| Box: Difficulties in Identifying and Defining American Ethnic Groups | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Theories of Psychosocial Development | |
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| Organismic, Mechanistic, and Contextual Models | |
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| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory | |
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| Rigor versus Relevance: Caught between a Rock and a Soft Place? | |
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| A Systems Approach: Reciprocal Interactions | |
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| Phenomenology: Through the Eyes of the Beholder | |
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| The Ecological View of the Environment | |
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| Ages and Stages: The Psychoanalytic Tradition | |
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| Stage Theory Defined | |
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| Freud, Jung, and Erikson | |
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| Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development | |
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| A Closer Look at Generativity | |
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| Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life | |
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| Havighurst's Developmental Tasks | |
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| A Final Look at Stage Theory: Major Criticisms | |
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| Multiple Meanings of Time and Age | |
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| Box: Midcourse: Let's Retire the Term Retirement | |
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| Trait Models: McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model of Personality | |
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| Defining a Trait | |
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| Defining the Five Factors | |
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| Do I Know You? Stability versus Change in the Adult Personality | |
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| A Historical View of the Issue: The Pendulum Swings | |
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| What Changes and What Stays the Same? | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Self: Development and Issues of Culture, Gender, Ethnicity, and Age | |
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| Defining the Self | |
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| Contributions of William James | |
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| Psychology | |
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| Sociology | |
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| Psychoanalysis | |
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| Setting Things Straight: A Confusion of Monikers | |
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| The Self-Concept: The Cognitive Theory of Self | |
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| Viewing the Self-Concept as a Self-Schema | |
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| Cognitive Impact of the Self-concept | |
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| How Many of You Are There? | |
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| Self-Esteem: The Assessment of One's Worth | |
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| Importance of a Sense of Worth | |
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| Building Blocks of Self-Esteem | |
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| I Think I Can, I Think I Can: A Look at Self-Efficacy | |
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| Sources of Self-Efficacy | |
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| Correlates of Self-Efficacy | |
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| Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy | |
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| Identity: Who Am I and Where Am I Going? | |
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| Identity Defined: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory | |
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| Formation of Identity: Marcia's Identity Status Approach | |
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| A Critique of the Identity Status Model | |
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| The Self in Cross-Cultural Perspective | |
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| Collectivism versus Individualism | |
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| Women, Men, and Identity Formation | |
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| Traditional Gender Roles | |
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| Social versus Evolutionary Origins | |
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| Prominence of the Male Model of Development | |
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| Box: Does It Matter What Year You Were Born? | |
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| The Intersection of Gender, Generation, and History | |
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| Identity Research and Women | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and the Development of the Self | |
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| Self-Esteem among Black Americans | |
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| Self-Efficacy among Black Americans | |
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| Identity Formation among Blacks | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Ethnic Groups and Core Characteristics: Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans | |
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| Effect of Age on the Self | |
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| Patterns of Age-Related Change in Adult Personality | |
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| Maintaining Continuity of the Self | |
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| You're Only as Old as You Feel: The Impact of Subjective Age | |
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| Impact of Age on Self-Esteem | |
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| Defenses Used to Protect the Self | |
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| Causes of Low Self-Esteem in Late Adulthood | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Cognitive Processes in Adulthood, Part 1: Dimensions and Directions | |
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| A Life-Span View of Cognitive Development | |
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| Evolution of Cognitive Psychology | |
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| Defining Adult Intelligence | |
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| Key Perspectives of Life-Span Cognitive Development | |
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| Growth, Stability, or Decline? | |
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| Evidence of Cognitive Decline: The Decrementalist View | |
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| Major Findings | |
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| Evidence of Cognitive Growth: The Continued Potential View | |
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| Adult Life-Span Learning | |
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| Quantitative versus Qualitative Gains in Adult Cognition | |
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| Expertise, Wisdom, and Creativity | |
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| Successful Cognitive Aging | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Cognitive Processes in Adulthood, Part II: Influences and Explanations | |
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| Research and Measurement Issues | |
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| Psychosocial Explanations | |
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| Exposure to a Stimulating Environment | |
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| Psychological Factors | |
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| Demographic Variables | |
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| Information-Processing Explanations | |
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| Attention | |
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| Speed of Processing | |
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| Memory | |
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| Status of Information-Processing Approaches | |
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| Physiological Explanations | |
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| Changes in the Brain with Age | |
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| Changes in and between Neurons, and Plasticity | |
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| Box: Better Thinking through Chemistry? | |
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| Applications and Implications of Cognitive Aging Research | |
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| Final Comments on Cognitive Development | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Social Development, Friendship, and Mate Selection | |
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| Overview of Social Relationships | |
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| Nature of Relationships | |
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| Benefits of Relating | |
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| Social Support | |
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| Convoy Model of Social Relationships | |
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| Equity Theory: A Theory of Social Interaction | |
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| Ethnic Differences | |
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| Impact of Early Experience on Adult Relationships | |
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| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages | |
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| Attachment Theory | |
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| Attachment Theory and Romantic Love | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Friendship | |
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| Research Problems | |
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| Nature of Friendship | |
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| Functions of Friendship | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Friendship Development over the Life Span | |
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| The Future of Friendship | |
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| Leaving Home: Transition from the Family of Origin | |
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| Box: Emerging Adulthood: The Age of Possibilities | |
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| Mate Selection: Who Marries Whom and Why? | |
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| Propinquity: "The Girl (or Boy) Next Door" | |
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| Attractiveness: "I Know What I Like" | |
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| Similarity (Homogamy): "Birds of a Feather" | |
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| Reciprocity: "You Scratch My Back and I'll Scratch Yours" | |
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| Complementarity: "Completing the Self" | |
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| The Right Person at the Right Time: "Timing Is Everything" | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Male-Female Differences in Sexual Attitudes | |
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| Sexuality among Young and Middle-Aged Adults | |
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| Late-Life Sexuality | |
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| Sexual Orientation | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Family Ties, Transitions, and Challenges | |
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| Family Development | |
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| Family Life Cycle | |
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| Family Developmental Tasks | |
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| Cycle of Generations | |
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| Limitations of the Family Development Model | |
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| Changing Families, Changing Times | |
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| Marriage: Establishing a Family of One's Own | |
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| Statistical Trends | |
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| Components of Romantic Love | |
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| Marital Roles | |
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| Alternative Unions (Same-Sex and Nonmarried Romantic Relationships) | |
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| Benefits of Marriage | |
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| Marital Satisfaction | |
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| Divorce | |
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| Widowhood | |
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| Parenthood | |
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| A Life-Span View of Parenthood | |
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| Changing Roles | |
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| Delayed Parenthood | |
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| The Transition to Parenthood: Changes in Lifestyle and Family Life | |
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| Where's Daddy? | |
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| Children and Marital Satisfaction | |
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| The Middle Years of Parenthood | |
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| The Later Years of Parenthood | |
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| The Context of Parenthood | |
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| Intergenerational Ties | |
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| Parent-Adult Child Relationships | |
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| Grandparenthood | |
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| Box: Grandparenthood among the Navajo | |
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| Adult Sibling Relationships | |
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| Sibling Relationships as Attachments | |
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| Unique Qualities | |
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| Pattern over Time | |
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| Functions of the Sibling Relationship | |
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| Additional Questions | |
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| Family Caregiving | |
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| Caregiving as a Normative Experience | |
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| Changed Nature of Caregiving | |
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| Who Is the Caregiver? | |
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| Caregiving Career | |
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| Caregiver Tasks | |
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| Caregiver Stress | |
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| Family Violence | |
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| A Brief History of the Study of Domestic Violence | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Causal Factors | |
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| Abuser and Victim Profiles | |
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| Consequences of Family Violence | |
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| Developmental Patterns in Adult Abusive Relationships | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Work and Retirement | |
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| Nature of Work | |
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| Significance of Work in Adult Life | |
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| Why Work? | |
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| A Changing Work World: Work, Workers, Workplace | |
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| Career Development | |
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| Career Cycle | |
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| Challenges to the Traditional View: Increasing Diversity of Career Paths | |
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| Why Do We Choose the Work We Do? | |
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| How Effectively Do We Choose? | |
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| Age and Job Satisfaction | |
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| Growing Up and the Dream | |
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| Gender and Work: Women's Career Paths and Special Career Issues | |
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| Changing Nature of Women's Work and Working Women | |
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| Women's Career Patterns and Work Experiences | |
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| Multiple Roles: Combining Career and Family | |
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| Retirement and Leisure | |
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| Retirement as a Life Stage: A Brief Social History | |
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| Research Limitations | |
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| A Life-Span View of Retirement | |
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| Predictors of Retirement | |
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| Retirement as a Developmental Process | |
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| Impact of Retirement on Individual Well-Being | |
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| Economics of Retirement: Social Security and Pensions | |
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| Work and Retiring: The 21st Century | |
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| Box: Finding Niches for Golden Workers | |
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| Importance of Leisure over the Life Span | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Physical Development and Aging | |
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| What Is This Thing Called Aging? | |
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| Primary versus Secondary Aging | |
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| Current Conceptions of Aging | |
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| Physical Development in Adulthood | |
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| Changes in the Skin and Connective Tissue | |
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| Changes in the Skeletal System | |
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| Changes in Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Changes in the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Changes in the Repiratory System | |
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| Changes in the Immune System | |
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| Changes in the Endocrine System | |
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| Changes in the Reproductive System | |
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| Changes in Sensory Capacity with Age | |
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| Theories of Biological Aging | |
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| Aging by Design: Programmed Theories of Aging | |
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| Aging by Accident: Stochastic Theories of Aging | |
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| In Search of an Integrated Theory | |
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| The Goal of Aging Research: Adding Life to Years or Years to Life? | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Health, Longevity, and Prevention | |
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| Health, Disease, and Disability | |
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| Defining and Measuring Health, Disease, and Illness | |
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| Age and Health | |
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| Box: Transgenerational Design: Designing Products and Environments for People of All Ages | |
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| Effects of Gender and Race on Health and Longevity | |
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| Prevention of Illness and Promotion of Health | |
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| Three Levels of Prevention | |
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| Matching the Program to the Person | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| An Overview of Preventive Behaviors | |
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| Context of Health and Illness: An Ecological View | |
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| Medication Use among Older Adults: A Health Concern | |
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| Long-Term Care | |
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| Successful Aging: A Multidimensional Effort | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Coping, Adaptation, and Mental Health | |
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| Happiness | |
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| Most People Are Happy | |
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| Determinants of Happiness | |
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| Religious Involvement and Spirituality | |
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| Stress, Coping, and Locus of Control | |
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| Nature of Stress | |
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| Effects of Stress | |
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| Coping with Stress | |
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| Beliefs about Personal Control | |
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| An Overview of the Mental Health Status of Adults | |
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| Age-Related Trends in Psychological Health | |
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| Gender Differences in Rates of Mental Disorders | |
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| Gender, Age, and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Help Seeking | |
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| Science of Prevention | |
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| A Look at Two mental Disorders in Adulthood | |
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| Major Depression | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Death, Dying, and Bereavement | |
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| The Changed Nature of Death | |
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| Attitudes toward Death | |
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| The Death-Denying Society | |
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| Psychology's Approach to Death | |
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| Death Anxiety | |
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| The Dying Person | |
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| Contributions of Kubler-Ross | |
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| Dying Well | |
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| Hospice | |
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| Right-to-Die Movement: Suicide, Assisted Suicide, and Euthanasia | |
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| Improving Care of the Dying | |
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| Grief and Bereavement | |
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| Cultural and Historical Context of Grief | |
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| Box: Death and Grief among the Lakota Sioux | |
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| Resilience in the Face of Loss | |
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| Grief Process | |
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| Unanticipated and Anticipated Death | |
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| Health and Mortality Risks of Bereavement | |
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| The Funeral and Other Leave-Taking Rituals | |
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| Condolence Behavior | |
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| Bereavement as a Transition | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |