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| Preface | |
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| Reasoning: Are You For It or Against It? The Powers of Reasoning | |
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| Elemental Questions | |
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| Pluto and Plato | |
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| Fine Language and Geometry Ethos, Logos, and Pathos | |
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| The End of Reasoning | |
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| Internal and External Reasoning: An Example | |
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| Rhetorical Inventions Beyond “For or Against.” Reasoning Practice | |
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| Invention: Places, Paths, and Structures of Reasoning | |
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| An Introduction to the Specific Elements | |
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| Places of Reasoning: Topoi | |
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| Paths of Reasoning: The Stases | |
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| Structures of Reasoning | |
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| From Invention to Judgment | |
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| Stases and Time | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Conjectures: Places to Begin | |
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| The Primary Stasis | |
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| A Trove of Conjectural Claims | |
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| How to Spot a Conjectural Claim | |
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| Three Types of Conjectural Claims | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Definitions: They Can Change Everything | |
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| Rhetoric and Definitions | |
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| Dictionary Definitions | |
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| Neologisms | |
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| Stipulative Definitions | |
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| Specific Means of Defining | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Causes and Consequences: A Sense of How the World Works | |
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| How Could This Happen? Reasoning from Effect to Cause | |
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| Reasoning from Cause to Effect | |
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| Antecedence-Subsequence | |
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| Post-Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc | |
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| Chance as a Causal Factor | |
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| Chance and Causality, Myth and Cosmology | |
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| Some Guideline for Causal Reasoning | |
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| Causality and the Ends of Reasoning | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Values: Judgments Grounded in Nature and Consequences | |
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| Criteria | |
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| Supporting Value Claims: Nature and Consequences | |
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| One Example of Claims about Value: Music | |
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| Another Example: Family Farms | |
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| Weighting Criteria | |
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| Guidelines for Reasoning about Values | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Procedures and Proposals: Actualizing the Potential for Change | |
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| Ready? “Houston: We Have a Problem.” A Modest Proposal | |
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| Feasibility, Plausibility, Credibility | |
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| Guidelines for Reasoning about Procedures and Proposals | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Becoming a Citizen Critic: Where Rhetoric Meets the Road | |
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| Diversions of Reasoning | |
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| Spectator Culture, Consumer Culture, Democratic Culture | |
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| Reasoning to Invoke Citizen Critics | |
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| What Is a Citizen? And a Citizen of What? The Enthymemes of This Book | |
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| Reasoning Practice | |
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| Index | |