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| Preface | |
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| What Is Science? | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods of Acquiring Knowledge | |
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| Science | |
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| Advantage of the Scientific Method | |
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| Characteristics of the Scientific Approach | |
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| Objectives of Science | |
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| Basic Assumptions Underlying Science | |
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| Method versus Technique | |
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| The Role of Theory in Science | |
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| The Role of the Scientist in Science | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Nonexperimental Research Approaches | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nonexperimental Quantitative Research | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| The Experimental Research Approach | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Causation | |
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| The Psychological Experiment | |
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| Experimental Research Settings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Research Ideas | |
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| Gender Bias in Research Ideas | |
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| Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation | |
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| Review of the Literature | |
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| Feasibility of the Study | |
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| Formulating the Research Problem | |
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| Formulating Hypotheses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Research Ethics: What Are They? | |
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| Ethical Dilemmas | |
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| Development of the APA Code of Ethics | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| Issues Raised by the Code of Ethics | |
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| Ethics of Animal Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Variables Used in Experimentation | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Variables | |
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| The Independent Variable | |
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| The Dependent Variable | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Control in Experimentation | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Control of Extraneous Variables | |
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| Extraneous Variables to Be Controlled | |
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| Research Participant and Experimenter Effects to Be Controlled | |
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| Sequencing Effect to Be Controlled | |
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| Additional Extraneous Variables to Be Held Constant | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Techniques for Achieving Constancy | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Randomization | |
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| Matching | |
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| Counterbalancing | |
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| Control of Participant Effects | |
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| Control of Experimenter Effects | |
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| Likelihood of Achieving Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Experimental Research Design | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Faulty Research Design | |
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| Requirements of True Research Designs | |
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| Pretesting Participants | |
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| True Research Designs | |
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| Choice of a Research Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nonequivalent Control Group Design | |
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| Time-Series Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Single-Case Research Designs | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Single-Case Designs | |
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| A-B-A Design | |
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| Interaction Design | |
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| Multiple-Baseline Design | |
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| Changing-Criterion Design | |
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| Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs | |
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| Criteria for Evaluating Change | |
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| Rival Hypotheses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Research Participants | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Apparatus | |
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| Instructions | |
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| Scheduling of Research Participants | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Institutional Approval | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Consent to Participate | |
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| Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Testing the Hypothesis | |
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| The Mean | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Selection of a Statistical Test | |
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| Independent Samples t-Test | |
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| Significance Level | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| Potential Errors in the Statistical Decision-Making Process | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Population Validity | |
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| Ecological Validity | |
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| Temporal Validity | |
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| Relationship Between Internal and External Validity | |
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| Cautions in Evaluating the External Validity of Experiments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| The Research Report | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The APA Format | |
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| Preparation of the Research Report | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |