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| Preface | |
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| Essentials for Statistics | |
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| Effective Strategies for Studying Statistics | |
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| Effective Strategies for Studying Statistics | |
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| Overcoming Math Anxiety | |
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| How to Deal with Math Anxiety | |
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| Basic Math Review | |
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| Positive and Negative Numbers | |
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| Fractions | |
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| Decimals and Percents | |
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| Exponents and Roots | |
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| Order of Computation | |
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| Summation | |
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| Answers to Example Problems | |
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| Describing Univariate Data | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Variables | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Graphing Data | |
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| The Normal Curve | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| The Normal Curve | |
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| What Is the Normal Curve? | |
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| Proportions of Scores Under the Normal Curve | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Percentiles and Standard Scores | |
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| Percentiles | |
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| Standard Scores | |
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| Other Standard Scores | |
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| Converting Standard Scores to Percentiles | |
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| A Word of Caution | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Correlation Coefficients and Linear Regression | |
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| Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Interpreting Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Other Methods of Correlation | |
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| Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| Regression Equations | |
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| Standard Error of the Estimate | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Introduction to Inferential Statistics | |
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| The Sampling Experiment | |
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| Sample Values (Statistics) and Population Values (Parameters) | |
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| The Null Hypothesis | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Statistical Significance and Type I Error | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| The t Test | |
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| The t Test for Independent Samples | |
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| Formulas for the t Test for Independent Samples | |
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| The Critical Value of t: t<sub>crit</sub> | |
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| Requirements for Using the f Test for Independent Samples | |
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| The t Test for Dependent (Matched) Samples | |
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| Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Analysis of Variance (Anova) | |
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| Computation Steps | |
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| Strength of Association | |
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| Post hoc Analyses | |
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| The Scheff� Method of Post hoc Analysis | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Additional Topics: Nonparametric Statistics and Using Statistical Software Programs | |
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| Nonparametric Statistics: Chi-Square | |
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| One-Way Test of Chi-Square | |
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| Yates' Correction for Continuity | |
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| A Bit More | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| How to Use SPSS | |
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| Starting SPSS | |
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| Basic Steps in Data Analysis | |
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| Finding Help in SPSS | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Proportions of Area Under the Normal Curve | |
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| Table of Random Numbers | |
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| Critical Values of t | |
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| Critical Values of F | |
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| Critical Values of Chi-Squared | |
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| Glossary of Formulas | |
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| Index | |