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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Creating and Destroying Objects | |
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| Consider static factory methods instead of constructors | |
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| Consider a builder when faced with many constructorparameters | |
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| Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor | |
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| Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor | |
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| Avoid creating unnecessary objects | |
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| Eliminate obsolete object references | |
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| Avoid finalizers | |
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| Methods Common to All Objects | |
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| Obey the general contract when overriding equals | |
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| Always override hashCode when you override equals | |
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| Always override toString | |
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| Override clone judiciously | |
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| Consider implementing Comparable | |
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| Classes and Interfaces | |
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| Minimize the accessibility of classes and members | |
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| In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields | |
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| Minimize mutability | |
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| Favor composition over inheritance | |
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| Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it | |
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| Prefer interfaces to abstract classes | |
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| Use interfaces only to define types | |
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| Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes | |
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| Use function objects to represent strategies | |
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| Favor static member classes over nonstatic | |
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| Generics | |
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| Don't use raw types in new code | |
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| Eliminate unchecked warnings | |
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| Prefer lists to arrays | |
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| Favor generic types | |
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| Favor generic methods | |
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| Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility | |
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| Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers | |
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| Enums and Annotations | |
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| Use enums instead of int constants | |
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| Use instance fields instead of ordinals | |
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| Use EnumSet instead of bit fields | |
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| Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing | |
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| Emulate extensible enums with interfaces | |
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| Prefer annotations to naming patterns | |
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| Consistently use the Override annotation | |
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| Use marker interfaces to define types | |
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| Methods | |
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| Check parameters for validity | |
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| Make defensive copies when needed | |
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| Design method signatures carefully | |
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| Use overloading judiciously | |
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| Use varargs judiciously | |
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| Return empty arrays or collections, not nulls | |
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| Write doc comments for all exposed API elements | |
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| General Programming | |
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| Minimize the scope of local variables | |
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| Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops | |
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| Know and use the libraries | |
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| Avoid float and double if exact answers are required | |
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| Prefer primitive type | |