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| Energy and the Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An Overview of this Text | |
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| Energy | |
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| Electric Power | |
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| Transportation Energy | |
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| Energy as a Commodity | |
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| The Environment | |
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| Managing Industrial Pollution | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Global Energy Use and Supp | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Energy Consumption | |
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| Global Carbon Emissions | |
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| Global Energy Sources | |
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| Global Electricity Consumption | |
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| End-Use Energy Consumption in the United States | |
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| Industrial Sector | |
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| Residential Sector | |
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| Commercial Sector | |
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| Transportation Sector | |
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| Global Energy Supply | |
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| Coal Reserves | |
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| Petroleum Reserves | |
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| Unconventional Petroleum Resources | |
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| Natural Gas Reserves | |
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| Unconventional Gas Resources | |
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| Summary of Fossil Reserves | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Thermodynamic Principles of Energy Conversion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Forms of Energy | |
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| The Mechanical Energy of Macroscopic Bodies | |
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| The Energy of Atoms and Molecules | |
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| Chemical and Nuclear Energy | |
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| Electric and Magnetic Energy | |
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| Total Energy | |
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| Work and Heat Interactions | |
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| Work Interaction | |
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| Heat Interaction | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Thermodynamic Properties | |
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| Steady Flow | |
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| Heat Transfer and Heat Exchange | |
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| Ideal Heat Engine Cycles | |
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| The Carnot Cycle | |
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| The Rankine Cycle | |
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| The Otto Cycle | |
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| The Brayton Cycle | |
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| Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycles | |
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| The Vapor Compression Cycle: Refrigeration and Heat Pumps | |
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| Energy Processing: First and Second Law Constraints | |
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| Fuel Heating V | |
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| Free Energy Change | |
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| Separating Gases | |
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| Fuel (Thermal) Efficiency | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Thermodynamics of Fossil, Biomass, and Synthetic Fuels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Combustion of Fossil Fuel | |
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| Fuel Heating V | |
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| Biomass Fuels | |
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| Synthetic Fuels | |
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| Examples of Fossil Fuel Synthesis | |
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| Coal to Gas | |
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| Examples of Biochemical Synthesis | |
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| Biochemical Production of Ethanol from Biomass | |
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| Electrochemical Reactions | |
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| Fuel Cells | |
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| Practical Fuel Cell Systems | |
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| The Hydrogen Economy | |
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| Hydrogen Fuel for Vehicle Propul | |
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| Synthetic Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture and Storage | |
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| Hydrogen as Energy Storage for Intermittent Electric Power Pl | |
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| Hydrogen as a Substitute for Pipeline Natural Gas | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Electrical Energy Generation, Transmission, and Storage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electromechanical Power Transformation | |
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| Electric Power Transmission | |
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| AC/DC Conversion | |
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| Energy Storage | |
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| Electrostatic Energy Storage | |
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| Magnetic Energy Storage | |
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| Electrochemical Energy Storage | |
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| Lead-Acid Storage Battery | |
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| Lithium-Ion Storage Battery | |
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| Other Storage Batteries | |
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| Mechanical Energy Storage | |
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| Pumped Hydropower | |
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| Flywheel Energy Storage | |
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| Properties of Energy Storage Systems | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Fossil-Fueled Power Plants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Components | |
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| Fuel Storage and Preparation | |
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| Burner | |
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| Boiler | |
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| Steam Turbine | |
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| Impulse Turbine | |
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| Reaction Turbine | |
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| Gas Turbine | |
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| Condenser | |
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| Cooling Tower | |
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| Wet Cooling Tower | |
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| Dry Cooling Tower | |
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| Generator | |
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| Combustion Stoichiometry | |
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| Emission Control | |
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| Control of Products of Incomplete Combustion and Carbon Monoxide | |
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| Control of Particles | |
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| Sulfur Control | |
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| Nitrogen Oxide Control | |
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| Mercury Control | |
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| Toxic Metals | |
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| Waste Disposal | |
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| Advanced Cycles | |
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| Combined Cycle | |
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| Coal Gasification Combined Cycle | |
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| Cogeneration | |
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| Fuel Cell | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Nuclear-Fueled Power Plants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nuclear Energy | |
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| Nuclear Energy from Fission | |
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| Radioactivity | |
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| Decay Rates and Half-Lives | |
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| Units and Dosage | |
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| Health Effects of Radiation | |
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| Radiation Protection Standards | |
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| Nuclear Reactors | |
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| Boiling Water Reactor | |
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| Pressurized Water Reactor | |
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| Gas Cooled Reactor | |
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| Breeder Reactor | |
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| Nuclear Fuel Cycle | |
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| Mining and Refining | |
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| Gasification and Enrichment | |
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| Spent Fuel Reprocessing | |
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| Temporary Waste Storage | |
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| Permanent Waste Storage | |
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| Fusion | |
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| Magnetic Confinement | |
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| Laser Fusion | |
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| Energy Evolvement in Nuclear Fission and Fusion Reactions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Renewable Energy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydropower | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Biomass Energy | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| Biofuels | |
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| Bioethanol | |
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| Biodiesel | |
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| Wood as Biofuel | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Geothermal Energy | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Solar Energy | |
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| Flat Plate Collector | |
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| Focusing Collectors | |
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| Solar Thermal Farms | |
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| Photovoltaic Cells | |
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| Photovoltaic Farms | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Wind Power | |
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| Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Operation | |
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| Mechanical and Electrical Components | |
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| Wind Resources | |
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| Capacity Factor | |
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| Effectiveness | |
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| Wind Variability and Predictability | |
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| Economical Turbine Designs | |
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| Wind Farms | |
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| Integrating Wind Farms into the Electric Power Network | |
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| Averaging An Array of Wind Farms | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Tidal Power | |
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| Tidal Current Power | |
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| Environmental Effects | |
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| Ocean Wave Power | |
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| Ocean Wave Energy and Power | |
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| Ocean Wave Power Systems | |
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| Wave Power Farms | |
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| Environmental Impacts | |
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| Ocean Thermal Power | |
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| Capital Cost of Renewable Electric Power | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Automotive Transportation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Internal Combustion Engines for Highway Vehicles | |
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| Combustion in SI and CI engines | |
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| Engine Power and Performance | |
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| Engine Efficiency | |
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| Vehicle Power and Performance | |
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| Connecting the Engine to the Wheels | |
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| Vehicle Fuel Efficiency | |
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| U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Regulations and Test Cycles | |
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| Improving Vehicle Fuel Economy | |
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| Improving Vehicle Performance | |
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| Improving Engine Performance | |
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| Electric Drive Vehicles | |
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| Vehicles Powered by Storage Batteries | |
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| Hybrid Vehicles | |
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| Fuel Cell Vehicles | |
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| Vehicle Emissions | |
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| U.S. Vehicle Emission Standards | |
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| Reducing Vehicle Emissions | |
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| Reducing Engine-Out Emissions | |
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| Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Treatment | |
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| Evaporative Emissions | |
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| Reducing CI Engine Emissions | |
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| Fuel Quality and its Regulation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Use | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Air Pollution | |
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| U.S. Emission Standards | |
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| U.S. Ambient Standards | |
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| Health and Environmental Effects of Fossil-Fuel-Related Air Pollutants | |
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| Air Pollution Meteorology | |
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| Air Quality Modeling | |
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| Modeling of Steady-State Point Source | |
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| Plume Rise | |
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| Steady State Line Source | |
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| Steady State Area Source | |
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| Photo-oxidants | |
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| Photo-oxidant Modeling | |
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| Acid Deposition | |
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| Acid Deposition Modeling | |
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| Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment | |
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| Water Pollution | |
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| Acid Mine Drainage and Coal Washing | |
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| Water Use and Thermal Pollution from Power Plants | |
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| Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Pollutants onto Surface Waters | |
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| Toxic Metals | |
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| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Land Pollution | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Global | |
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| Warming and Climate Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is the Greenhouse Effect? | |
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| Solar and Terrestrial Radiation | |
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| Sun-Earth-Space Radiative Equilibrium | |
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| Modeling Global Warming | |
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| Global Warming Potential | |
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| Radiative Forcing | |
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| Results of Global Warming Modeling | |
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| Observed Trend of Global Warming | |
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| Associated Effects of Global Warming | |
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| Sea Level Rise | |
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| Water Vapor and Precipitation Changes | |
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| Hurricanes and Typhoons | |
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| Climate Changes | |
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| Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Carbon Cycle | |
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| Methane | |
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| Nitrous Oxide | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Mitigating Global | |
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| Warming | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Controlling Halocarbon Emissions | |
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| Controlling Nitrous Oxide Emissions | |
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| Controlling Methane Emissions | |
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| Controlling Methane Generated by Coal Mining | |
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| Controlling Methane from Petroleum and Natural Gas Operations | |
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| Controlling Landfill Methane | |
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| Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions | |
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| Controlling CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fueled Electric Power Plants | |
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| Shift from Coal or Oil to Natural Gas Fuel | |
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| Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plants | |
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| Capturing CO2 from the Flue Gas by Chemical Absorption | |
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| Oxyfuel Combustion with CO2 Capture | |
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| Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle Plants with CO2 Capture | |
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| Capturing CO2 after Gasification by Physical Absorption | |
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| Capturing CO2 after Gasification by Membrane Separation | |
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| Thermal Efficiency and Cost of Controlling CO2 Emissions from Power Plants | |
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| CO2 Sequestration | |
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| Sequestration in Oil and Gas Reservoirs | |
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| Sequestration in Coal Seams | |
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| Sequestration in Deep Sedimentary Basins | |
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| Sequestration in the Deep Ocean | |
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| CO2 Removal from the Atmosphere | |
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| Afforestation | |
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| Ocean Fertilization | |
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| Mineral Sequestration | |
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| CO2 Utilization | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Energy Resources | |
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| Regulating the Environmental Effects of Energy Use | |
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| Global Climate Change | |
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| Coping with Climate Change | |
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| Conclusion | |