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| Preface | |
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| What Is Anthropology? | |
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| What Is the Concept of Culture? | |
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| What Makes Anthropology a Cross-Disciplinary Discipline? | |
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| Biological Anthropology | |
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| Cultural Anthropology | |
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| Linguistic Anthropology | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Applied Anthropology | |
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| Medical Anthropology | |
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| The Uses of Anthropology | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Tools of Cultural Anthropology | |
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| Why Is the Concept of Culture Important? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Define Culture? | |
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| Culture, History, and Human Agency | |
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| Why Do Cultural Differences Matter? | |
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| What Is Ethnocentrism? | |
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| Is It Possible to Avoid Ethnocentric Bias? | |
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| What Is Cultural Relativism? | |
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| How Can Cultural Relativity Improve Our Understanding of Controversial Cultural Practices? | |
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| Genital Cutting, Gender, and Human Rights | |
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| Genital Cutting as a Valued Ritual | |
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| Culture and Moral Reasoning | |
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| Did Their Culture Make Them Do It? | |
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| Does Culture Explain Everything? | |
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| The Promise of the Anthropological Perspective | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| How Do Cultural Anthropologists Learn about Contemporary Ways of Life? | |
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| Why Do Fieldwork? | |
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| The Fieldwork Experience | |
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| A Meeting of Cultural Traditions | |
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| Ethnographic Fieldwork: How Has Anthropologists' Understanding Changed? | |
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| Applying Positivist Methods to Anthropology | |
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| Questioning the Positivist Approach | |
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| The Reflexive Approach | |
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| Multisited Fieldwork | |
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| What Is the Dialectic of Fieldwork? | |
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| Interpretation and Translation | |
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| Beyond the Dialectic | |
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| The Dialectic of Fieldwork: Some Examples | |
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| Ruptures in Communication | |
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| How Have Global Changes Affected Fieldwork? | |
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| The Effects of Fieldwork | |
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| How Does Fieldwork Affect the Researcher? | |
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| The Humanizing Effects of Fieldwork | |
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| Where Does Anthropological Knowledge Come From? | |
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| Anthropological Knowledge as Open-Ended | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Anthropology, History, and the Explanation of Cultural Diversity | |
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| Capitalism, Colonialism, and the Origins of Ethnography | |
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| Capitalism and Colonialism | |
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| The Fur Trade in North America | |
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| The Slave and Commodities Trades | |
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| Colonialism and Modernity | |
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| The Colonial Political Economy | |
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| Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter | |
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| What Explains Human Cultural Variation? | |
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| Evolutionary Typologies: The Nineteenth Century | |
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| Unilineal Cultural Evolutionism | |
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| Social Structural Typologies: The British Emphasis | |
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| Origins in the Colonial Setting | |
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| The Classification of Political Structures | |
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| Structural-Functional Theory | |
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| Doing without Typologies: Culture Area Studies in America | |
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| Postcolonial Realities | |
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| Studying Forms of Human Society Today | |
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| The Comparative Study of Processes | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| For Review | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Resources of Culture | |
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| Language | |
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| Why Do Anthropologists Study Language? | |
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| Language and Culture | |
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| Talking about Experience | |
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| What Makes Human Language Distinctive? | |
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| What Does It Mean to "Learn" a Language? | |
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| Language and Context | |
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| Does Language Affect the Way We See the World? | |
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| What Are the Components of Language? | |
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| Phonology: Sounds | |
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| Morphology: Word Structure | |
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| Syntax: Sentence Structure | |
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| Semantics: Meaning | |
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| Pragmatics: Language in Contexts of Use | |
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| Ethnopragmatics | |
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| What Happens When Languages Come into Contact? | |
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| Pidgin and Creole | |
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| Negotiating Meaning | |
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| Linguistic Inequality | |
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| Language Habits of African Americans | |
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| Language Ideology | |
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| Language Habits of Women and Men | |
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| What Is Lost If a Language Dies? | |
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| Language and Truth | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Culture and Individuals | |
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| Perception | |
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| Schemas and Prototypes | |
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| Perception and Convention | |
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| Illusion | |
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| Visuality: Learning to Look | |
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| Cognition | |
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| Cognitive Capacities and Intelligence | |
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| Reason and the Reasoning Process | |
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| Culture and Logic | |
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| Emotion | |
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| The Cultural Construction of Emotion | |
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| Emotion in Oceania | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Socialization and Enculturation | |
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| The Sociohistorical View | |
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| Is Cognitive Development the Same for Everyone? | |
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| Self/Personality/Subjectivity | |
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| Avatars, Alts, and the Self in Second Life | |
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| How Do Violence and Trauma Alter Our View of Ourselves? | |
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| Structural Violence | |
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| Trauma | |
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| Chosen Trauma | |
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| How Does Individual Psychology Depend on Context? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| How Do We Make Meaning? | |
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| What Is Play? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Think about Play? | |
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| What Are Some Effects of Play? | |
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| Do People Play by the Rules? | |
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| Culture and Sport | |
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| Sport in the Nation-State | |
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| Sport as Metaphor | |
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| Baseball and Masculinity in Cuba | |
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| What Is Art? | |
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| How Can Art Be Defined? | |
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| "But Is It Art?" | |
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| "She's Fake": Art and Authenticity | |
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| Hip-Hop in Japan | |
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| Sculpture and the Baule Gbagba Dance | |
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| The Mass Media: A Television Serial in Egypt | |
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| What Is Myth? | |
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| How Does Myth Reflect-and Shape-Social Action? | |
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| Do Myths Help Us Think? | |
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| What Is Ritual? | |
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| A Definition of Ritual | |
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| A Birthday Party as Ritual | |
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| What Is Ritual Action? | |
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| What Are Rites of Passage? | |
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| How Are Play and Ritual Complementary? | |
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| How Do Cultural Practices Combine Play, Art, Myth, and Ritual? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Worldview | |
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| What Is a Worldview? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Worldviews? | |
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| What Are Some Key Metaphors for Constructing Worldviews? | |
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| Societal Metaphors | |
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| Organic Metaphors | |
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| Technological Metaphors | |
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| What Is Religion? | |
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| Religion and Communication | |
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| Religious Organization | |
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| Worldviews in Practice: Two Case Studies | |
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| Coping with Misfortune: Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande | |
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| Azande Witchcraft Beliefs | |
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| Dealing with Witches | |
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| Are There Patterns of Witchcraft Accusation? | |
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| Coping with Misfortune: Seeking Higher Consciousness among the Channelers | |
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| Maintaining and Changing a Worldview | |
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| How Do People Cope with Change? | |
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| The Bwiti Religion | |
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| Kwaio Religion | |
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| How Are Worldviews Used as Instruments of Power? | |
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| Is Secularism a Worldview? | |
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| Religion and Secularism | |
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| Muslim Headscarves in France: A Case Study | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Organization of Material Life | |
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| Culture and Power | |
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| Who Has the Power to Act? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Politcs? | |
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| Coercion | |
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| Coercion in Societies without States? | |
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| Power and National Identity: A Case Study | |
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| Biopower and Governmentality | |
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| Trying to Elude Governmentality: A Case Study | |
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| The Ambiguity of Power | |
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| Power as an Independent Entity | |
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| The Power of the Imagination | |
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| The Power of the Weak | |
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| Bargaining for Reality | |
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| Marriage: Bargaining and Gender in Morocco | |
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| Peasant Resistance in Malaysia | |
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| History as a Prototype of and for Political Action | |
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| Negotiating the Meaning of History | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Making a Living | |
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| Subsistence Strategies | |
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| What Are the Connections between Culture and Livelihood? | |
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| Self-Interest, Institutions, and Morals | |
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| What Are Production, Distribution, and Consumption? | |
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| How Are Goods Distributed and Exchanged? | |
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| Neoclassical Economics and Capitalism | |
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| Modes of Exchange | |
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| Does Production Drive Economic Activities? | |
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| Labor | |
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| Modes of Production | |
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| The Role of Conflict in Material Life | |
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| Applying Production Theory to Social and Cultural Life | |
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| Why Do People Consume What They Do? | |
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| The Internal Explanation: Malinowski and Basic Human Needs | |
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| The External Explanation: Cultural Ecology | |
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| Food Storage and Sharing | |
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| How Does Culture Construct Human Needs? | |
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| The Original Affluent Society | |
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| The Abominations of Leviticus | |
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| Banana Leaves in the Trobriand Islands | |
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| The Cultural Construction of Utility | |
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| Consumption Studies Today | |
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| Coca-Cola in Trinidad | |
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| The Anthropology of Food and Nutrition | |
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| Interplay between the Meaningful and the Material | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Systems of Relationships | |
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| Where Do Our Relatives Come From, and Why Do They Matter? | |
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| How Do Human Beings Organize Interdependence? | |
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| What Is Friendship? | |
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| American College Student Friendship and Friendliness | |
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| What Is Kinship? | |
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| Sex, Gender, and Kinship | |
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| How Many Sexes Are There? | |
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| Understanding Different Kinship Systems | |
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| What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship | |
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| Bilateral Kindreds | |
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| Unilineal Descent Groups | |
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| What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent? | |
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| Lineage Membership | |
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| The Logic of Lineage Relationships | |
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| Patrilineages | |
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| Matrilineages | |
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| Matrilineality, Electoral Politics, and the Art of the Neutral Partisan | |
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| What Are Kinship Terminologies? | |
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| Criteria for Distinguishing Kin | |
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| Kinship and Alliance through Marriage | |
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| What Is Adoption? | |
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| Adoption in Highland Ecuador | |
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| How Flexible Can Relatedness Be? | |
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| Negotiation of Kin Ties among the Ju/'hoansi | |
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| I�upiaq Relatedness | |
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| European American Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies | |
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| Compadrazgo in Latin America | |
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| How Can Practices of Relatedness Produce Unexpected Outcomes? | |
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| Conflicting Obligations among the Iteso | |
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| Assisted Reproduction in Israel | |
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| Organ Transplantation and the Creation of New Relatives | |
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| Kinship as Social Idiom | |
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| What Are Sodalities? | |
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| Secret Societies in Western Africa | |
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| Membership and Initiation | |
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| Use of the Kinship Idiom | |
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| The Thoma Secret Soceity: A Microcosm | |
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| The Meaning of Secrecy in a Secret Society | |
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| The Dimensions of Group Life | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Why Do People Get Married and Have Families? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Define Marriage? | |
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| Woman Marriage and Ghost Marriage among the Nuer | |
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| Marriage as a Social Process | |
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| Patterns of Residence after Marriage | |
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| Single and Plural Spouses | |
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| Monogamy | |
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| Polygyny | |
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| Polyandry | |
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| Polyandry, Sexuality, and the Reproductive Capacity of Women | |
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| Fraternal Polyandry | |
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| Associated Polyandry | |
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| Secondary Marriage | |
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| The Distinction between Sexuality and Reproductive Capacity | |
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| What Is the Connection between Marriage and Economic Exchange? | |
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| Brothers and Sisters in Cross-cultural Perspective | |
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| Brothers and Sisters in a Matrilineal Society | |
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| Brothers and Sisters in a Patrilineal Society | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Think about Family Structure | |
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| The Family Defined | |
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| The Nuclear Family | |
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| The Polygynous Family | |
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| Competition in the Polygynous Family | |
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| Extended and Joint Families | |
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| How Do Families Change over Time? | |
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| Divorce and Remarriage | |
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| Divorce in Guider | |
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| Grounds for Divorce | |
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| Separation among Inuit | |
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| Blended Families | |
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| Breaking Up Complex Households | |
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| International Migration and the Family | |
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| Families by Choice | |
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| The Flexibility of Marriage | |
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| How Do Sexual Practices Differ? | |
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| Heterosexual Practices | |
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| Other Sexual Practices | |
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| Female Sexual Practices in Mombasa | |
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| Male Sexual Practices in Nicaragua | |
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| Love, Marriage, and HIV/AIDS in Nigeria | |
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| Sexuality and Power | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| From Local to Global | |
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| What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Social Inequality? | |
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| Gender | |
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| Class | |
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| Caste | |
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| Caste in India | |
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| Caste Struggle in Contemporary India | |
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| Caste in Western Africa | |
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| The Value of Caste as an Analytic Category | |
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| Race | |
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| Race in Colonial Oaxaca | |
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| Mobility in the Casta System | |
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| Colorism in Nicaragua | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Nation and Nation-State | |
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| Australian Nationalism | |
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| Naturalizing Discourses | |
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| The Paradox of Essentialized Identities | |
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| Nation Building in a Postcolonial World: Fiji | |
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| Nationalism and Its Dangers | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Globalization? | |
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| What Happened to the Global Economy after the Cold War? | |
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| Cultural Processes in a Global World | |
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| Globalization and the Nation-State | |
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| Migration, Transborder Identities, and Long-Distance Nationalism | |
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| Flexible Citizenship and the Postnational Ethos | |
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| Anthropology and Multicultural Politics in the New Europe | |
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| Are Human Rights Universal? | |
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| Human Rights Discourse as the Global Language of Social Justice | |
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| Rights versus Culture | |
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| Rights to Culture | |
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| Rights as Culture | |
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| How Can Culture Help in Thinking about Rights? | |
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| Violence Against Women in Hawaii | |
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| Child Prostitution in Thailand | |
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| Cultural Imperialism or Cultural Hybridization? | |
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| Cultural Hybridity | |
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| Can We Be at Home in a Global World? | |
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| Cosmopolitanism | |
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| Friction | |
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| Border Thinking | |
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| Why Study Anthropology? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |