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| *=New to this edition | |
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| A Word to Instructors | |
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| A Word to Students | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Before Philosophy: Myth in Hesiod and Homer | |
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| Hesiod: War among the Gods | |
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| Homer: Heroes, Gods, and Excellence | |
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| Philosophy before Socrates | |
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| Thales: The One as Water | |
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| Anaximander: The One as the Boundless | |
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| Xenophanes: The Gods as Fictions | |
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| Sketch: Pythagoras | |
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| Heraclitus: Oneness in the iLogos/i* Profile: The Tao | |
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| Parmenides: Only the One | |
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| Zeno: The Paradoxes of Common Sense | |
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| Atomism: The One and the Many Reconciled | |
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| The Key: An Ambiguity | |
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| The World | |
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| The Soul | |
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| How to Live | |
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| The Sophists: Rhetoric and Relativism in Athens | |
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| Democracy | |
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| The Persian Wars | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Rhetoric | |
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| Relativismi | |
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| Physis/i and iNomos/iAthens and Sparta at War | |
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| Aristophanes and Reaction | |
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| Socrates: To Know Oneself | |
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| Character | |
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| Is Socrates a Sophist?What Socrates "Knows"We Ought to Search for Truth | |
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| Human Excellence Is Knowledge | |
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| All Wrongdoing Is Due to Ignorance | |
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| The Trial and Death of Socrates | |
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| Euthyphro | |
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| Translator's Introduction | |
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| The Dialogue | |
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| Commentary and Questions | |
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| Apology | |
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| Translator's Introduction | |
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| The Dialogue | |
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| Commentary and Questions | |
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| Crito | |
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| Translator's Introduction | |
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| The Dialogue | |
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| Commentary and Questionsi | |
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| Phaedo/i (Death Scene)Translator's Introduction | |
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| The Dialogue (Selection)Commentary and Questions | |
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| Plato: Knowing the Real and the Good | |
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| Knowledge and Opinion | |
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| Making the Distinction | |
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| We Do Know Certain Truths | |
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| The Objects of Knowledge | |
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| The Reality of the Forms | |
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| The World and the Forms | |
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| How Forms Are Related to the World | |
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| Lower and Higher Forms | |
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| The Form of the Good | |
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| The Love of Wisdom | |
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| What Wisdom Is | |
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| Love and Wisdom | |
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| The Soul | |
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| The Immortality of the Soul | |
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| The Structure of the Soul | |
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| Morality | |
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| The State | |
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| Problems with the Forms | |
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| Aristotle: The Reality of the World | |
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| Aristotle and Plato | |
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| Otherworldliness | |
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| The Objects of Knowledge | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Relativism and Skepticism | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Logic and Knowledge | |
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| Terms and Statements | |
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| Truth | |
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| Reasons Why: The Syllogism | |
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| Knowing First Principles | |
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| The World | |
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| Nature | |
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| The Four "Becauses"Is There Purpose in Nature?Teleology | |
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| First Philosophy | |
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| Not Plato's Forms | |
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| What of Mathematics?Substance and Form | |
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| Pure Actualities | |
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| God | |
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| The Soul | |
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| Levels of Soul | |
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| Soul and Body | |
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| Nous | |
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| The Good Life | |
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| Happiness | |
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| Virtue of Excellence | |
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| The Role of Reason | |
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| Responsibility | |
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| The Highest Good | |
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| Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics: Happiness for the Many | |
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| The Epicureans | |
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| The Stoics | |
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| The Skeptics | |
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| The Christians: Sin, Salvation, and Love | |
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| Background | |
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| Jesus | |
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| The Meaning of Jesus | |
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| Augustine: God and the Soul | |
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| Wisdom, Happiness, and God | |
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| The Interior Teacher | |
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| God and the World | |
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| The Great Chain of Being | |
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| Evil | |
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| Time | |
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| Human Nature and Its Corruption | |
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| Human Nature and Its Restoration | |
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| Augustine on Relativism | |
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| The Two Cities | |
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| Christians and Philosophers | |
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| Reason and Authority | |
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| Intellect and Will | |
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| Augustine on Epicureans and Stoics | |
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| Anselm and Aquinas: Existence and Essence in God and the World | |
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| Anselm: On That, Than Which No Greater Can Be Conceived | |
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| Thomas Aquinas: Rethinking Aristotle | |
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| Sketch: Avicenna (Ibn Sina)Philosophy and Theology | |
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| Existence and Essence | |
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| Sketch: Averroes (Ibn Rushd)From Creation to God | |
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| The Nature of God | |
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| Sketch: Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimon)Humans: Their Souls | |
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| Humans: Their Knowledge | |
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| Humans: Their Good | |
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| Ockham and Skeptical Doubts--Again | |
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| Moving from Medieval to Modern | |
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| The World God Made for Us | |
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| The Humanists | |
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| Reforming the Church | |
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| Skeptical Thoughts Revived | |
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| Copernicus to Kepler to Galileo: The Great Triple Play | |
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| Rene Descartes: Doubting Our Way to Certainty | |
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| The Methodi | |
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| Meditations:/i Commentary and Questions | |
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| Meditations on First Philosophy | |
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| Meditation IMeditation IIMeditation IIIMeditation IVMeditation VMeditation VIWhat Has Descartes Done?A New Ideal for Knowledge | |
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| A New Vision of Reality | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Preeminence of Epistemology | |
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| Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley: Materialism and the Beginnings of Empiricism | |
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| Thomas Hobbes: Catching Persons in the Net of the New Science | |
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| Method | |
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| Minds and Motives | |
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| Sketch: Francis Bacon | |
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| The Natural Foundation of Moral Rules | |
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| John Locke: Looking to Experience | |
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| Origin of Ideas | |
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| Idea of Substance | |
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| Idea of the Soul | |
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| Idea of Personal Identity | |
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| Language and Essence | |
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| The Extent of Knowledge | |
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| Of Representative Government | |
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| Of Toleration | |
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| George Berkeley: Ideas into Things | |
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| Abstract Ideas | |
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| Ideas and Things | |
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| God | |
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| David Hume: Unmasking the Pretensions of Reason | |
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| How Newton Did It | |
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| To Be the Newton of Human Nature | |
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| The Theory of Ideas | |
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| The Association of Ideas | |
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| Causation: The Very Idea | |
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| The Disappearing Self | |
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| Sketch: The Buddha | |
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| Rescuing Human Freedom | |
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| Is It Reasonable to Believe in God?Understanding Morality | |
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| Reason Is Not a Motivator | |
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| The Origins of Moral Judgment | |
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| Is Hume a Skeptic? | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Rehabilitating Reason (withing Strict Limits)Critique | |
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| Judgments | |
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| Geometry, Mathematics, Space, and Time | |
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| Common Sense, Science, and the A Priori Categories | |
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| Sketch: Baruch Spinoza | |
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| Phenomena and Noumena | |
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| Sketch: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | |
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| Reasoning and the Ideas of Metaphysics: God, World, and Soul | |
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| The Soul | |
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| The World and the Free Will | |
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| God | |
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| The Ontological Argument | |
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| Reason and Morality | |
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| The Good Will | |
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| The Moral Law | |
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| Sketch: Jean-Jacques Rousseau | |
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| Autonomy | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Taking History Seriously | |
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| Historical and Intellectual Context | |
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| The French Revolution | |
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| The Romantics | |
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| Epistemology Internalized | |
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| Sketch: Arthur Schopenhauer | |
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| Self and Others | |
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| Stoic and Skeptical Consciousness | |
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| Hegel's Analysis of Christianity | |
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| Reason and Reality: The Theory of Idealism | |
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| Spirit Made Objective: The Social Character of Ethics | |
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| History and Freedom | |
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| Kierkegaard and Marx: Two Ways to "Correct" Hegel | |
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| Kierkegaard: On Individual Existence | |
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| The Aesthetic | |
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| The Ethical | |
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| The Religious | |
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| The Individual | |
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| Marx: Beyond Alienation and Exploitation | |
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| Alienation, Exploitation, and Private Property | |
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| Communism | |
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| The Utilitarians: Moral Rules and the Happiness of All (Including Women)The Classic Utilitarians | |
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| The Rights of Women | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche: The Value of Existence | |
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| Pessimism and Tragedy | |
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| Good-bye Real World | |
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| The Death of God | |
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| Revaluation of Values | |
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| Master Morality/Slave Morality* Profile: Iris Murdoch | |
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| Our Morality | |
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| The Overman | |
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| Affirming Eternal Recurrence | |
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| The Pragmatists: Thought and Action | |
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| Charles Sanders Peirce | |
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| Fixing Belief | |
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| Belief and Doubt | |
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| Truth and Reality | |
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| Meaning | |
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| Signs | |
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| John Dewey | |
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| The Impact of Darwin | |
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| Naturalized Epistemology | |
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| Sketch: William James | |
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| Nature and Natural Science | |
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| Value Naturalized | |
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| Ludwig Wittgenstien: Linguistic Analysis and Ordinary Language | |
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| Language and Its Logic | |
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| Sketch: Bertrand Russelli | |
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| Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus/i | |
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| Picturing | |
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| Thought and Language | |
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| Logical Truth | |
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| Saying and Showing | |
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| Setting the Limit to Thought | |
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| Value and the Self | |
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| Good and Evil, Happiness and Unhappiness | |
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| The Unsayable* Profile: The Logical Positivistsi | |
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| Philosophical Investigations/i | |
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| Philosophical Illusion | |
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| Language-Games | |
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| Naming and Meaning (NEW?)Family Resemblances | |
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| The Continuity of Wittgenstein's Thought* Profile: Zen | |
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| Our Groundless Certainty | |
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| Martin Heidegger: The Meaning of Being | |
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| What Is the Question?The Clue | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Being-in-the-World | |
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| The "Who" of Dasein | |
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| Modes of Disclosure | |
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| Attunement | |
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| Understanding | |
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| Discourse | |
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| Falling-Away | |
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| Idle Talk | |
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| Curiosity | |
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| Ambiguity | |
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| Care | |
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| Truth | |
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| Death | |
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| Conscience, Guilt, and Resoluteness | |
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| Temporality as the Meaning of Care | |
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| The Priority of Being | |
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| Simone de Beauvoir: Existentialist, Feminist | |
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| Ambiguity | |
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| Profile: Jean-Paul Sartre | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Woman | |
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| Postmodernism and Physical Realism: Derrida, Quine, and Dennett | |
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| Postmodernism | |
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| Deconstruction: Jacques Derrida* Profile: Richard Porty | |
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| Physical Realism | |
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| Science, Common Sense, and Metaphysics: Willard van Orman Quine | |
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| The Matter of Minds: Daniel Dennett | |
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| Afterword | |
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| Appendix: Writing a Philosophy Paper | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |