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| Preface to the Third Edition | |
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| Preface | |
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| Historical Parallels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| God, Immortality, and Faith | |
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| Does God Exist? | |
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| Yes: Causal Theist. "In the Beginning" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Design Theist. "Design or Chance?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Atheist. "The Retreat of the Gods" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Arguments | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is God Like Human Beings? | |
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| No: Abstractionist. "God Is Love" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Personalist. "The Projection Theory" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Meanings of Words | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Can God Allow Innocent Suffering? | |
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| No: Contradictor. "There Is No God" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Reconciler. "Character and Contentment" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Consistent Beliefs | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is the Soul Immortal? | |
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| No: Mortalist. "Immortality" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Survivor. "For and Against an Afterlife" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Facts and Concepts | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Faith an Answer? | |
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| Yes: Believer. "Accepting Limits" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Questioner. "Faith and Its Consequences" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Consequences | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Believing in God Necessary for a Meaningful Life? | |
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| Yes: Meaning Theist. "The Meaning of Life Is the Submission to God" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Existentialist. "The Myth of Ultimate Meaning" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Objectivity | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Current Controversy | |
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| Is Buddhism Philosophy? | |
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| Yes: Buddhist. "The Philosophy of Buddhism" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Specialist. "The Difference Between Religion and Philosophy" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Definitions | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Connections: Transcendentalist or Naturalist? | |
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| Liberty, Equality, and Justice | |
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| Is Society Based on a Contract? | |
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| Yes: Contractor. "The Social Contract" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Organicist. "The Social Organism" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Models | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Liberty the Highest Social Value? | |
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| Yes: Libertarian. "Liberty, the Supreme Social Value" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Paternalist. "Empty Phrases" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Goals | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Equality the Highest Social Value? | |
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| Yes: Egalitarian. "Society and Property" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Elitist. "What Elitists Believe" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Means and Ends | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Capitalism Just? | |
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| Yes: Capitalist. "Capitalism, Democracy, and Justice" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Socialist. "Capitalist Society" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Thinking and Emotion | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Should we Establish a World Government? | |
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| Yes: Internationalist. "Choosing a Peaceful Future" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Localist. "The Politics of World Government" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Comparing | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Current Controversy | |
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| Is Race Essential to Identity? | |
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| Yes: Essentialist. "The Meaning of Being Black" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Nonessentialist. "Race and Identity" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Identity | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Connections: Individualist or Relationist? | |
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| Happiness, Obligations, and Values | |
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| Is Pleasure the Only Value? | |
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| Yes: Hedonist. "Hedonism" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Pluralist. "A World of Values" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Facts and Values | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Can We Understand Happiness? | |
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| Yes: Definer. "Happiness" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Skeptic. "The Elusive Dream" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Essential Properties | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Morality Relative? | |
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| Yes: Relativist. "Moral Relativism" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Absolutist. "Right for You, Wrong for Me?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Ad Hominem | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Happiness the Standard of Morality? | |
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| Yes: Utilitarian. "Utilitarianism" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Formalist. "The Principle of Morality" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Moral Theories | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Society the Source of Values? | |
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| Yes: Functionalist. "An Objective Basis for Morality" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Moral Theist. "The Current Crisis and Its Solution" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Necessary Conditions | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Current Controversy | |
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| Should Doctors Ever End People's Lives? | |
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| No: Protector. "Having Reasons for Moral Decisions" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Euthanizer. "The Complex Issue of Euthanasia" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Justification | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Connections: Humanist or Objectivist? | |
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| Free Will, Mind, and Human Nature | |
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| Are We Free? | |
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| No: Hard Determinist. "One World, Not Two" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Metaphysical Libertarian. "Free Will and Common Sense" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Soft Determinist. "Verbal Disputes, Facts, and Free Will" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Introspection | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Are We Responsible for Our Actions? | |
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| No: Excuser. "Rejecting Responsibility" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Judge. "No Excuse" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Infinite Regress | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is the Mind Nothing But the Brain? | |
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| Yes: Materialist. "Body and Soul" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Dualist. "The Inner Life" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Possible and Impossible | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Can Computers Think? | |
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| Yes: Mechanist. "Can Computers Think?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Mentalist. "People vs. Machines" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Analogies | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Are We Always Selfish? | |
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| Yes: Psychological Egoist. "No Free Lunch" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Psychological Altruist. "Is Love Selfish?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Generalizations | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Does Personal Identity Depend on Memory? | |
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| Yes: Lockean. "The Binding Thread of Memory" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Sartrean. "The Essential Self" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: False Dilemma | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Current Controversy | |
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| Are the Differences Between Men and Women Philosophically Significant? | |
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| No: Unifier. "Men, Women, and People" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Complementer. "Who's Afraid of Difference?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Classification | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Connections: Reductionist or Spiritualist? | |
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| Knowledge, Science, and Truth | |
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| Can We Know About the External World? | |
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| No: Internalist. "Knowledge of the External World" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Yes: Perceiver. "The Limits of Ignorance" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Philosophy and Imagination | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Does Science Give Us Real Knowledge? | |
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| Yes: Positivist. "Science as Knowledge" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Romantic. "What Kind of Understanding?" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Making Assumptions | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Experience the Source of All Knowledge? | |
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| Yes: Empiricist. "The Source of Knowledge" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Rationalist. "The Strange Case of the Mathematician" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Analysis | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Is Certainty the Standard of Knowledge? | |
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| Yes: Foundationalist. "Certainty" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Pragmatist. "The Test of Knowledge" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Observation | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Current Controversy | |
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| Does Truth Exist? | |
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| Yes: Representationalist. "True Beliefs and False Beliefs" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| No: Postmodernist. "Ten Theses on Language" | |
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| Critical Questions | |
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| Methods and Techniques: Proving a Negative | |
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| Understanding the Dilemma | |
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| Connections: Intuitionist or Externalist? | |
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| How to Write an Essay | |
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| Glossary of Contrasting Positions | |
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| Index | |