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| Preface | |
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| Reading and Writing | |
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| How to Read Philosophy | |
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| What Is Philosophy? | |
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| Reading Philosophy | |
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| Approach the Text with an Open Mind | |
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| Read Actively and Critically | |
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| Identify the Conclusion First, Then the Premises | |
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| Outline, Paraphrase, or Summarize the Argument | |
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| Evaluate the Argument and Formulate a Tentative Judgment | |
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| Writing a Paraphrase or Summary | |
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| Applying the Rules | |
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| How to Read an Argument | |
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| Premises and Conclusions | |
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| Judging Arguments | |
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| Know the Basics of Deductive and Inductive Arguments | |
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| Determine Whether the Conclusion Follows from the Premises | |
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| Determine Whether the Premises Are True | |
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| Applying the Rules | |
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| Rules of Style and Content for Philosophical Writing | |
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| Write to Your Audience | |
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| Avoid Pretentiousness | |
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| Keep the Authority of Philosophers in Perspective | |
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| Do Not Overstate Premises or Conclusions | |
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| Treat Opponents and Opposing Views Fairly | |
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| Write Clearly | |
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| Avoid Inappropriate Emotional Appeals | |
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| Be Careful What You Assume | |
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| Write in First Person | |
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| Avoid Discriminatory Language | |
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| Defending a Thesis in an Argumentative Essay | |
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| Basic Essay Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Argument Supporting the Thesis | |
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| Assessment of Objections | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| A Well-Built Essay | |
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| Writing the Essay: Step by Step | |
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| Select a Topic and Narrow It to a Specific Issue | |
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| Research the Issue | |
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| Write a Thesis Statement | |
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| Create an Outline of the Whole Essay | |
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| Write a First Draft | |
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| Study and Revise Your First Draft | |
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| Produce a Final Draft | |
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| An Annotated Sample Paper | |
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| Avoiding Fallacious Reasoning | |
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| Straw Man | |
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| Appeal to the Person | |
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| Appeal to Popularity | |
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| Appeal to Tradition | |
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| Genetic Fallacy | |
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| Equivocation | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| False Dilemma | |
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| Begging the Question | |
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| Hasty Generalization | |
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| Slippery Slope | |
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| Composition | |
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| Division | |
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| Using, Quoting, and Citing Sources | |
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| Know When and How to Quote Sources | |
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| Do Not Plagiarize | |
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| Cite Your Sources Carefully | |
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| Build a Bibliography if Needed | |
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| Reference Guide | |
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| Writing Effective Sentences | |
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| Make the Subject and Verb Agree in Number and Person | |
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| Express Parallel Ideas in Parallel Form | |
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| Write in Complete Sentences, Not Fragments | |
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| Connect Independent Clauses Properly | |
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| Delete the Deadwood | |
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| Put Modifiers in Their Place | |
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| Be Consistent in Tense, Voice, Number, and Person | |
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| Communicate Pronoun References Clearly | |
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| Choosing the Right Words | |
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| Select Nouns and Verbs Precisely | |
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| Prefer the Active Voice | |
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| Use Specific Terms | |
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| Avoid Redundancy | |
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| Be Aware of the Connotations of Words | |
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| Learn to Distinguish Words That Writers Frequently Mix Up | |
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| Strive for Freshness; Avoid Cliches | |
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| Do Not Mix Metaphors | |
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| Beware of Awkward Repetition | |
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| Formatting Your Paper | |
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| Documenting Your Sources | |
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| Index | |