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Boxes | |
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Preface | |
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Multimethod Approach | |
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What Is Behavioral Research? | |
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Theory and Research | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Why Do Behavioral Research? | |
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Specific Methods | |
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Multimethod Approach | |
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General Laws and Local Conditions | |
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Practical Experience | |
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Summary | |
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Ethics in Behavioral Research | |
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Protecting the Welfare of Research Participants | |
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Issues of Scientific Misconduct | |
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Psychologists' Code of Ethics | |
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Anthropologists' and Sociologists' Code of Ethics | |
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Local Procedures | |
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Summary | |
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Search the Technical Literature | |
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Using a College Library | |
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Source Credibility | |
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What to Look for in a Research Article | |
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Finding References | |
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How Far to Search? | |
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Meta-Analysis | |
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Searching the World Wide Web | |
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What to Save from the Search | |
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Getting Your Hands on the Materials | |
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Additional Resources | |
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Summary | |
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Observation | |
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Casual Observation | |
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Systematic Observation | |
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Video Recording | |
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Qualitative Approaches | |
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Equipment | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Mapping and Trace Measures | |
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Mapping | |
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Trace Measures | |
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Summary | |
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Experimentation | |
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The Special Nature of the Experiment | |
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Variables | |
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Generating Hypotheses | |
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Experimental Control | |
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Doing an Experiment | |
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Types of Experiments | |
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Equipment | |
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Using the Internet | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Simulation | |
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What Is a Simulation? | |
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Environmental Simulations | |
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Games | |
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Role-playing Exercises | |
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General Comments | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Interview | |
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Uses and Types of Interviews | |
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How to Interview | |
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Analyzing the Results | |
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Reporting Interview Results | |
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Limitations | |
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Focus Groups | |
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Summary | |
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The Questionnaire | |
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Questionnaire Construction | |
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Pretesting | |
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Reproducing the Questionnaire | |
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Distributing the Forms | |
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Mail Surveys | |
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Scoring | |
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Interpretation | |
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Describing Survey Results | |
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Comparison of Interviews and Self-administered Questionnaires | |
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Internet Surveys | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Attitude and Rating Scales | |
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What Is a Scale? | |
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Rating Scales | |
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Levels of Measurement | |
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Attitude Scales | |
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Semantic Differential | |
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Performance Rating Scales | |
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Consumer Rating Scales | |
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Sensory Evaluation | |
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Summary | |
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Content Analysis | |
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Quantification in Content Analysis | |
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Uses | |
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Finding Categories | |
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Sampling | |
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Analyzing Recorded Data | |
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Reliability | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Personal Documents and Archival Measures | |
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Personal Documents | |
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Life Histories | |
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Archival Measures | |
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Summary | |
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Case Study | |
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Advantages of a Case Study | |
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Choosing a Topic | |
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Unusual Individuals | |
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Obtaining Cooperation | |
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Cross-verification | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Action Research | |
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Trade-offs | |
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Self-survey | |
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Other Techniques | |
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Steps in Action Research | |
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Why Action Research Is Different | |
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Tower or Swamp? | |
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Summary | |
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The Big Fuzzies: Research on Difficult-To-Define Concepts | |
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Positive Psychology | |
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A Word on Qualitative Research | |
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Summary | |
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Standardized Tests and Inventories | |
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What Is a Test? | |
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Test Reliability and Validity | |
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Using Tests and Inventories | |
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Locating Suitable Tests | |
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Obtaining the Tests | |
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Constructing a Test | |
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Projective Tests | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Sampling | |
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Types of Samples | |
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How Large a Sample? | |
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Gaining Access | |
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Measuring Nonrespondent Bias | |
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Describing the Method of Sampling | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Descriptive Statistics for Categorical Measures | |
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Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Measures | |
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Figures | |
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Statistical Tabulations and Analyses | |
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Summary | |
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Inferential Statistics | |
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First, Some Background | |
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Statistical Tests for Continuous Data | |
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A Statistical Test for Categorical Data: Chi-square | |
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Correlation | |
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Presenting the Results of Statistical Tests | |
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Effect Size | |
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Limitations of This Chapter | |
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Summary | |
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Writing and Reviewing a Research Report | |
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Article for a Scientific Journal | |
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Technical Reports | |
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Writing a Critique | |
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Summary | |
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After the Report | |
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Feedback to Participants | |
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Further Research | |
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Publishing the Findings | |
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Other Publication Outlets | |
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Application | |
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News Releases | |
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Professional Meetings | |
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Summary | |
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Concluding Notes | |
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Helpful Hints | |
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Critical Values | |
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Critical Values for t Test | |
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Critical Values for Chi-square Test | |
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Critical Values for Pearson Product-moment Correlation Coefficient (r) | |
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Critical Values for Spearman Rank-order Coefficient (r[subscript s]) | |
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Abridged Table of Random Numbers | |
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Critical Values of F | |
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Statistical Tests | |
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Calculation of a t Test for Matched Scores | |
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Calculation of a One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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Computation of the Pearson Product-moment Coefficient (r) | |
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Computation of the Spearman Rank-order Coefficient (r[subscript s]) | |
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Using Computer Software for Data Analysis | |
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List Comparisons, Contrasts, and Correlations | |
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Data Entry | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Avoid Blind Analysis | |
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Example of a Manuscript Prepared According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association | |
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Example of Style Used for a Technical Report | |
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Glossary | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |