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Maps | |
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Figures | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Notes to the Reader | |
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Early Italy | |
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Italy and the Mediterranean World | |
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The Evidence | |
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Italy Before the City | |
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The Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and Campania | |
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Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean | |
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The Rise of Cities | |
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Beginning of Writing | |
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Appearance of an Elite | |
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Cities and Monumental Architecture | |
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Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods | |
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Social and Economic Organization | |
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Greeks and Etruscans | |
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Greek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily | |
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Etruscans | |
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Rome's First Centuries | |
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Emergence of an Urban Community | |
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The Romans and Their Early History | |
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Table 2.1 Dates of Rome's Kings According to Varro | |
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Box 2.1 Plutarch, Romulus 11 | |
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Rome Under the Kings | |
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Rome and the Latins | |
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The Early Republic | |
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Beginning of the Republic | |
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Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century | |
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Struggle of the Orders | |
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Rome and Italy in the Fourth Century | |
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Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome | |
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The City and Its Institutions in the Fourth Century | |
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Officials | |
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Senate | |
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Assemblies of Citizens | |
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Box 3.1 Servius Tullius' Creation of the Census (Livy) | |
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Table 3.1 Roman Assemblies | |
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The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests | |
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Box 3.2 The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus) | |
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Rome and Central Italy | |
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Warfare and the Civic Order | |
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Rome in Latium and Campania | |
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Samnite Wars | |
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Expansion of Roman Hegemony in Italy | |
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Wars in Central and Northern Italy | |
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Conquest of the South | |
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War and the Roman State | |
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The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire | |
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Sources | |
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The Nobility and the City of Rome | |
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Box 4.1 Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian) | |
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Wars with Carthage | |
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First Punic War (264-241) | |
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Second Punic War (218-201) | |
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Box 4.2 Romans' Vow of 217 (Livy) | |
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A Mediterranean Empire | |
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Governors, Provinces, and Empire | |
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Spain | |
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Greece and Asia Minor | |
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Box 4.3 Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo) | |
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North Africa | |
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Italy and Empire | |
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Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies | |
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Italy and the Consequences of Empire | |
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Changing Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and Allies | |
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Roman and Italian Elites | |
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Box 5.1 Scipio Africanus' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybiusand Livy) | |
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Demographic and Economic Changes | |
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Roman Politics from the Mid-Second Century | |
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Scipio Aemilianus | |
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Tiberius Gracchus | |
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Box 5.2 The Background to Tiberius Gracchus' Land Proposal (Appian) | |
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Gaius Gracchus | |
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Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided | |
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War with Jugurtha (112-105) | |
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Italy Threatened from the North (113-101) | |
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Changes in the Roman Army | |
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Marius' Career in Roman Politics | |
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Box 6.1 Marius' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust) | |
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Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100) | |
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Administration of the Provinces | |
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Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91) | |
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Social War (91-87) | |
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Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88) | |
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Sulla's First March on Rome (88) | |
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Cinna's Rule (87-84) | |
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Sulla's Second March on Rome (83-82) | |
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The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy | |
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Sulla's Proscriptions (82-81) | |
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Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81) | |
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Senate | |
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Tribunate | |
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Equites, Courts | |
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Citizens | |
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Governors | |
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Verdicts on Sulla's Program | |
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Box 7.1 Cicero's Defense of Sextus Roscius | |
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Lepidus' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77) | |
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Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73) | |
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Box 7.2 Pompey's Letter from Spain (Sallust) | |
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Spartacus' Slave Revolt (73-71) | |
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Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) | |
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Roman Women | |
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Pompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67) | |
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Threat from King Mithridates VI of Pontus | |
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Sulla's Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85) | |
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Lucullus' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67) | |
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Pompey's Defeat of Mithridates (66-63) | |
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Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63) | |
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Catiline's Rising (63-62) | |
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End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship | |
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Sources | |
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Pompey's Return from the East (62) | |
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Pompey and Political Stalemate in Rome | |
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Partnership of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar | |
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Caesar's First Consulship (59) | |
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Clodius' Tribunate (58) | |
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Cicero's Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56) | |
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Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul (58-51) | |
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Death of Clodius and Pompey's Sole Consulship (52) | |
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Prospect of Civil War (51-49) | |
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Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49) | |
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Cicero's Governorship of Cilicia (51-50) | |
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Civil War Campaigns (49-45) | |
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Caesar's Activity as Dictator (49-44) | |
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Caesar's Impact upon the City of Rome | |
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Political Prospects for Rome, and for Caesar | |
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Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World | |
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Reactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43) | |
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Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43) | |
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Battle of Philippi (42) | |
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Box 9.1 Laudatio Turiae | |
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Perusine War (41-40) | |
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Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36) | |
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Antony in the East (42 onwards) | |
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Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30) | |
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Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards) | |
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""The Republic Restored"" | |
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Second Settlement (23) | |
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Latin Literature in the Late Republic and Augustan Age | |
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Succession | |
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Table 9.1 The Julio-Claudian Family | |
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Senate and Equites | |
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Army | |
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The Empire and Its Expansion | |
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Box 9.2 Oath of Loyalty | |
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City of Rome | |
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Attitudes Outside Rome | |
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Res Gestae of Augustus | |
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Augustus: Final Assessment | |
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The Early Principate (A.D. 14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early Empire | |
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Sources | |
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The Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military Concerns | |
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Tiberius (14-37) | |
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Box 10.1 Senatorial Decree Concerning the Elder Gnaeus Piso | |
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Gaius (Caligula) 37-41 | |
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Claudius (41-54) | |
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Box 10.2 Claudius' Speech on the Admission of Gauls to the Senate | |
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Nero (54-68) | |
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Civil War in 68-69 | |
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Economic and Social Change | |
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Army | |
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Economy | |
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Intellectual Life | |
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""Beneficial Ideology"" | |
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Cities and Provinces | |
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Diversity: Women, Local Languages, and Culture | |
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Religious Practices and Principles | |
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Imperial Cult | |
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Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138) | |
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Sources | |
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Institutionalization of the Principate | |
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Vespasian (69-79) | |
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Titus (79-81) | |
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Domitian (81-96) | |
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A New, Better Era? | |
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Nerva (96-98) | |
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Trajan (98-117) | |
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Hadrian (117-138) | |
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Table 11.1 The Antonine Family | |
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Box 11.1 Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia | |
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Roman Cities and the Empire's Peoples | |
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Theaters and Processions | |
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Circuses and Chariot Racing | |
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The Amphitheater, and Gladiatorial Games | |
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Other Urban Amenities | |
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Education | |
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State Religion and Imperial Cult | |
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Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235) | |
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Sources | |
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Antoninus Pius (138-161) | |
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Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169) | |
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Box 12.1 A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship | |
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Box 12.2 Morbidity and Mortality in the Roman Empire | |
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Commodus (176-192, Sole Augustus after 180) | |
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Septimius Severus (193-211) | |
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Table 12.1 The Severan Family | |
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Box 12.3 Deification Ceremonies for Pertinax in Septimius Severus' Rome | |
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Caracalla (198-217, Sole Augustus after 211) | |
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Macrinus (217-218) | |
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Elagabalus (218-222) | |
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Severus Alexander (222-235) | |
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Roman Law | |
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Roman Citizenship | |
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Box 12.4 Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana) | |
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Rome and Christianity | |
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Box 12.5 Pliny, Trajan, and Christians | |
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The Third Century, the Dominate, and Constantine | |
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Sources | |
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Mid-Third Century | |
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Aurelian (270-275) | |
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Dicoletian, the Tetrarchy, and the Dominate (284-305) | |
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Box 13.1 The Tetrarchs Introduce their Edict on Maximum Prices | |
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Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313), and the Rise of Constantine (306-324) | |
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Box 13.2 Galerius' Edict of Toleration (Lactantius) | |
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Constantine and the Empire | |
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Timeline | |
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Glossary | |
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Principal Ancient Authors | |
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Art Credits | |
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Index | |
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Gazetteer | |