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| Introduction | |
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| Ways of Knowing | |
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| The Place of Values in Social Science Research | |
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| Contestability in Social and Physical Sciences | |
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| Casual Observation | |
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| Toward a Science of Social Behavior | |
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| Summary | |
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| Evaluating Social Science Theories and Research | |
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| The Purposes of Research in the Social Sciences | |
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| Criteria for Evaluating Social Science Research | |
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| Maximizing Construct Validity | |
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| Maximizing Internal Validity | |
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| Maximizing External Validity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ethical Principles | |
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| The Tuskegee Syphilis Study | |
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| The Belmont Report | |
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| Focus on Ethical Issues in Experimental Research: Deception | |
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| Focus on Ethical Issues in Quasi-Experimental Research: Confidentiality and Anonymity | |
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| Focus on Ethical Issues in Nonexperimental Research: Participant Observation | |
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| The Ethics of Not Doing a Study | |
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| Case Study of the Ethical Review Process | |
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| Closing Thoughts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Fundamentals of Measurement | |
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| From Abstract Concepts to Concrete Representations | |
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| Operational Definitions Are Necessary but Rarely Sufficient | |
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| Measurement Presupposes a Clearly Defined Construct | |
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| Components of an Observed Score | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Modes of Measurement | |
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| Modes of Direct Questioning | |
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| Other Modes of Measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Single-Item Measures in Questionnaires | |
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| Outline of Procedures in Questionnaire Research | |
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| Question Content | |
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| Question Wording | |
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| Question Sequence | |
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| Special Techniques for Sensitive Content | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Scaling and Multiple-Item Measures | |
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| Advantages of Multiple-Item Measures | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Rating Scales for Quantifying Individual Judgments | |
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| Developing Multiple-Item Scales | |
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| Three Types of Multiple-Item Scales | |
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| Scaling and Levels of Measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Fundamentals of Sampling | |
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| Some Basic Definitions and Concepts | |
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| Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Concluding Remarks About the Two Kinds of Sampling | |
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| Sampling Elements Other Than People | |
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| Summary | |
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| Probability Sampling Methods | |
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| Basic Probability Sampling Methods | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Two Examples of Sampling Plans for a National Survey | |
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| Summary | |
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| Experience Sampling | |
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| Applications of the Experience Sampling Method | |
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| Sampling Strategies and Procedures | |
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| Measurement Strategies and Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Research Strategies | |
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| Randomized Experiments | |
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| Controlling and Manipulating Variables | |
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| Random Assignment | |
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| Independent Variables that Vary Within and Between Participants | |
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| Threats to Internal Validity | |
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| Construct Validity of Independent Variables in a Randomized Experiment | |
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| Alternative Experimental Designs | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Randomized Experiments | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Laboratory Setting | |
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| When Should the Laboratory Be Used? | |
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| Types of Laboratory Study | |
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| Artifact and Artificiality | |
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| Elements of a Laboratory Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Nonrandomized Designs | |
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| Examples of Nonrandomized Designs | |
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| Alternative Nonrandomized Designs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Applied Research | |
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| Varieties of Applied Research | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| The Politics of Applied and Evaluation Research | |
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| Can We Afford Not to Do Appliedd Research? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Observational and Archival Research | |
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| Naturalness in Research | |
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| Observation | |
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| Archival Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Narrative Analysis | |
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| Focus Groups | |
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| Oral History | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Analysis and Writing | |
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| Data Management and Exploration | |
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| The Data Matrix | |
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| The Codebook | |
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| Statistical Software | |
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| Exploring Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Estimates and Tests of Association | |
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| Associations Between Dichotomous Variables | |
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| Inferring Associations in Populations from Sample Data | |
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| Associations Between Continuous Variables | |
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| Associations Between a Continuous Variable and a Dichotomous Variable | |
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| Interpreting Associations | |
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| Partial Associations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reviewing Research Reports and Literatures | |
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| Reviewing Research Reports | |
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| Searching the Literature | |
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| Reviewing the Literature--"Traditionally" and Meta-Analytically | |
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| Basic Meta-Analytic Tests: Combining and Comparing Studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing the Research Report | |
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| Some Preliminary Considerations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Summary or Abstract | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Some Suggestions on Procedure and Style | |
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| Where to Find Additional Guidance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |