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| Preface | |
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| The Soils Around Us | |
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| Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem | |
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| Medium for Plant Growth | |
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| Regulator of Water Supplies | |
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| Recycler of Raw Materials | |
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| Habitat for Soil Organisms | |
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| Engineering Medium | |
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| Soil as Environmental Interface | |
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| Soil as a Natural Body | |
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| The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons) | |
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| Topsoil and Subsoil | |
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| Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life | |
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| Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils | |
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| Soil Organic Matter | |
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| Soil Water: A Dynamic Solution | |
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| Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases | |
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| Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients | |
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| Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots | |
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| Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Formation of Soils from Parent Materials | |
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| Weathering of Rocks and Minerals | |
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| Physical Weathering (Disintegration) | |
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| Biogeochemical Weathering | |
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| Factors Influencing Soil Formation | |
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| Parent Materials | |
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| Residual Parent Material | |
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| Colluvial Debris | |
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| Alluvial Stream Deposits | |
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| Marine Sediments | |
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| Parent Materials Transported by Glacial Ice and Meltwaters | |
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| Parent Materials Transported by Wind | |
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| Organic Deposits | |
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| Climate | |
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| Biota: Living Organisms | |
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| Topography | |
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| Time | |
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| Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation | |
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| The Soil Profile | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Classification | |
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| Concept of Individual Soils | |
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| Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Soil Orders | |
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| Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development) | |
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| Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon) | |
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| Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils) | |
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| Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning) | |
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| Histisols (Organic Soils without Permafrost) | |
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| Aridisols (Dry Soils) | |
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| Vertisols (Dark, Swelling and Cracking Clays) | |
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| Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands) | |
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| Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to High Bases) | |
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| Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases) | |
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| Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases) | |
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| Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered) | |
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| Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Architecture and Physical Properties | |
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| Soil Color | |
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| Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles) | |
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| Soil Textural Classes | |
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| Structure of Mineral Soils | |
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| Soil Density | |
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| Pore Space of Mineral Soils | |
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| Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates | |
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| Tillage and Structural Management of Soils | |
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| Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior | |
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| Structure and Related Properties of Water | |
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| Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water | |
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| Soil Water Energy Concepts | |
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| Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential | |
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| The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil | |
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| Infiltration and Percolation | |
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| Water Vapor Movement in Soils | |
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| Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness | |
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| Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water | |
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| Mechanisms by Which Plants Are Supplied with Water | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| The Global Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water | |
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| The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum | |
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| Efficiency of Water Use | |
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| Control of Evapotranspiration (ET) | |
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| Control of Surface Evaporation (E) | |
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| Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil | |
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| Percolation and Groundwaters | |
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| Enhancing Soil Drainage | |
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| Septic Tank Drain Fields | |
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| Irrigation Principles and Practices | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Aeration and Temperature | |
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| Soil Aeration--The Process | |
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| Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential | |
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| Factors Affecting Soil Aeration | |
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| Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration | |
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| Aeration in Relation to Soil and Plant Management | |
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| Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils | |
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| Processes Affected by Soil Temperature | |
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| Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy | |
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| Thermal Properties of Soils | |
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| Soil Temperature Control | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity | |
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| General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids | |
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| Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure | |
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| Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays | |
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| Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids | |
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| Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids | |
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| Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids | |
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| Adsorption of Cations and Anions | |
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| Cation Exchange Reactions | |
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| Cation Exchange Capacity | |
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| Exchangeable Cations in Field Soil | |
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| Anion Exchange | |
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| Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination | |
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| Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus | |
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| Physical Implications of Swelling-Type Clays | |
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| Environmental Uses of Swelling-Type Clays | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Acidity | |
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| The Process of Soil Acidification | |
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| Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity | |
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| Pools of Soil Acidity | |
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| Buffering of pH in Soils | |
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| Determination of Soil pH | |
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| Human-Influenced Soil Acidification | |
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| Biological Effects of Soil pH | |
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| Raising Soil pH by Liming | |
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| Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the III Effects of Soil Acidity | |
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| Lowering Soil pH | |
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| Calcium and Magnesium as Plant Nutrients | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity | |
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| Causes of Alkalinity: High Soil pH | |
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| Characteristics and Problems of Alkaline Soils | |
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| Development of Salt-Affected Soils | |
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| Measuring Salinity and Sodicity | |
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| Classes of Salt-Affected Soils | |
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| Growth of Plants on Salt-Affected Soils | |
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| Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation | |
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| Reclamation of Saline Soils | |
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| Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils | |
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| Management of Reclaimed Soils | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Organisms and Ecology of the Soil | |
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| The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil | |
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| Organisms in Action | |
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| Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity | |
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| Earthworms | |
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| Ants and Termites | |
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| Soil Microanimals | |
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| Roots of Higher Plants | |
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| Soil Algae | |
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| Soil Fungi | |
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| Soil Bacteria | |
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| Soil Actinomycetes | |
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| Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms | |
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| Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms | |
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| Soil Organisms and Damage to Higher Plants | |
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| Ecological Relationships Among Soil Organisms | |
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| Genetically Engineered Microorganisms | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Organic Matter | |
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| The Global Carbon Cycle | |
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| The Process of Decomposition in Soils | |
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| Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition and Mineralization | |
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| Humus: Genesis and Nature | |
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| Composts and Composting | |
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| Direct Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth | |
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| Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment | |
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| Management of Amount and Quality of Soil Organic Matter | |
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| Carbon Balance in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System | |
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| Factors and Practices Influencing Soil Organic Matter Levels | |
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| Soils and the Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Organic Soils (Histosols) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
| |
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| References | |
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| |
| Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils | |
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| Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development | |
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| Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen | |
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| The Nitrogen Cycle | |
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| Immobilization and Mineralization | |
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| Soluble Organic Nitrogen | |
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| Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals | |
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| Ammonia Volatilization | |
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| Nitrification | |
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| The Nitrate Leaching Problem | |
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| Gaseous Losses by Denitrification | |
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| Biological Nitrogen Fixation | |
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| Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes | |
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| Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes | |
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| Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation | |
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| Addition of Nitrogen to Soil in Precipitation | |
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| Reactions of Nitrogen Fertilizers | |
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| Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen in Agriculture | |
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| Importance of Sulfur | |
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| Natural Sources of Sulfur | |
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| The Sulfur Cycle | |
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| Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils | |
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| Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction | |
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| Sulfur Retention and Exchange | |
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| Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Phosphorus and Potassium | |
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| Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility | |
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| Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality | |
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| The Phosphorus Cycle | |
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| Organic Phosphorus in Soils | |
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| Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils | |
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| Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus in Acid Soils | |
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| Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values | |
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| Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils | |
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| Plant Genetics and Phosphorus Availability | |
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| Practical Control of Phosphorus in Soils | |
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| Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles | |
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| Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition | |
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| The Potassium Cycle | |
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| The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility | |
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| Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils | |
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| Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils | |
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| Practical Aspects of Potassium Management | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements | |
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| Deficiency Versus Toxicity | |
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| Role of the Micronutrients | |
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| Source of Micronutrients | |
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| General Conditions Conducive to Trace Element Deficiency/Toxicity | |
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| Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations | |
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| Organic Compounds as Chelates | |
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| Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions | |
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| Need for Nutrient Balance | |
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| Trace Element Cleanup and Metal Hyperaccumulators | |
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| Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Practical Nutrient Management | |
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| Goals of Nutrient Management | |
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| Environmental Quality | |
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| Nutrient Resources and Cycles | |
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| Recycling Nutrients through Animal Manures | |
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| Industrial and Municipal By-Products | |
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| Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources | |
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| Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers | |
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| Fertilizer Application Methods | |
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| Timing of Fertilizer Application | |
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| Diagnostic Tools and Methods | |
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| Soil Analysis | |
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| Site-Specific Nutrient Management | |
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| Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management | |
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| Broader Aspects of Fertilizer Practice | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Soil Erosion and Its Control | |
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| Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation | |
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| On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion | |
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| Mechanics of Water Erosion | |
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| Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion | |
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| Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion | |
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| |
| |
| Conservation Tillage | |
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| Vegetative Barriers | |
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| Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting | |
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| Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range and Forest Land | |
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| Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites | |
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| |
| Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It | |
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| Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion | |
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| |
| |
| Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation | |
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| |
| |
| Progress in Soil Conservation | |
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| |
| |
| Real Value of Soil Conservation | |
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| |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| Study Questions | |
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| |
| References | |
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| |
| |
| Soils and Chemical Pollution | |
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| Toxic Organic Chemicals | |
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| Kinds of Organic Contaminants | |
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| Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil | |
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| Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms | |
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| Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals | |
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| Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances | |
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| Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge | |
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| Reactions of Inorganic Contaminants in Soils | |
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| Prevention and Elimination of Inorganic Chemical Contamination | |
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| Landfills | |
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| Radionuclides in Soil | |
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| Radon Gas from Soils | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| Study Questions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
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| |
| |
| Geographic Soils Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Spatial Variability in the Field | |
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| |
| |
| Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils | |
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| |
| |
| Modern Technology for Soil Investigations | |
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| |
| |
| Remote Sensing Tools for Soils Investigations | |
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| |
| |
| Air Photos | |
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| Satellite Imagery | |
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| |
| |
| Soil Surveys | |
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| |
| The County Soil Survey Report and Its Utilization | |
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| |
| |
| Geographic Information Systems | |
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| |
| |
| GIS, GPS, and Site-Specific Agriculture | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Study Questions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Global Soil Quality as Affected by Human Activities | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Soil Quality/Soil Health | |
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| |
| |
| Soil Resistance and Resilience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustaining Biological Productivity | |
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| |
| |
| The Population Explosion | |
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| |
| |
| Intensified Agroecosystems--The Green Revolution | |
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| |
| |
| Effects of Intensified Agroecosystems on Soil Quality or Health | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forced Production Intensification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prospects for the Future | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modified Intensive Agroecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving Low-Yielding Agricultural Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving Soil Quality in sub-Saharan Africa | |
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| Improving Soil Quality in Asia and Latin America | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Canadian and FAO Soil Classification Systems | |
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| SI Units, Conversion Factors, and Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |