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"What Is the West?" | |
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The Shifting Borders of the West | |
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Changing Identities within the West | |
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Western Values | |
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Asking the Right Questions | |
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The Beginnings of Civilizations, 10,000-1150 B.C.E | |
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Defining Civilization, Defining Western Civilization | |
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Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, and Conquests | |
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Egypt: the Empire of the Nile | |
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Conclusion: Civilization and the West | |
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The Age of Empires: the International Bronze Age and its Aftermath, ca. 1500-550 B.C.E | |
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The Dynamism of the International Bronze Age | |
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Recovery and Rebuilding: Empires and Societies in the Aftermath of the International Bronze Age | |
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The Civilization of the Hebrews | |
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Conclusion: International Systems, Ancient Empires, and the Roots of Western Civilization | |
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Persians, Hebrews, and Greeks: the Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E | |
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Greece Rebuilds, 1100 479 B.C.E | |
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The Greek Encounter with Persia | |
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The Classical Age of Greece, 479 336 B.C.E | |
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Conclusion: the Cultural Foundations of the West | |
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Hellenistic Civilization | |
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The Impact of Alexander the Great | |
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Hellenism in the East and West | |
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Hellenistic Society and Culture | |
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Hellenistic Philosophy and Science | |
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Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age | |
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The Roman Republic | |
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The Nature of the Roman Republic | |
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Roman Territorial Expansion | |
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The Culture of the Roman Republic | |
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Social Life in Republican Rome | |
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The End of the Roman Republic | |
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Conclusion: the Roman Republic and the West | |
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Enclosing the West: the Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors: 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E | |
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The Imperial Center | |
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Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation, Resistance, and Romanization | |
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The Frontier and Beyond | |
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Society and Culture in the Imperial Age | |
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Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West | |
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Late Antiquity: the Age of New Boundaries, 250-600 | |
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Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century | |
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Toward a Christian Empire | |
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New Christian Communities and Identities | |
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The Break-Up of the Roman Empire | |
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Conclusion: the Age of New Boundaries | |
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Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam | |
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Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire | |
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The New World of Islam | |
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Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms | |
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Medieval Empires and Borderlands: the Latin West | |
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The Birth of Latin Christendom | |
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The Carolingians | |
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Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West | |
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The West in the East: the Crusades | |
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Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West | |
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Medieval Civilization: the Rise of Western Europe | |
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Two Worlds: Manors and Cities | |
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| |
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism | |
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Strengthening the Center of the West | |
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| |
Medieval Culture: the Search for Understanding | |
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| |
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture | |
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| |
The Medieval West in Crisis | |
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| |
A Time of Death | |
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| |
A Cold Wind from the East | |
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Economic Depression and Social Turmoil | |
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An Age of Warfare | |
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A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort | |
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| |
The Culture of Loss | |
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Conclusion: Looking Inward | |
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| |
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: the Politics of Culture | |
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The Cradle of the Renaissance: the Italian City-States | |
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| |
The Influence of Ancient Culture | |
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| |
The Early Modern European State System | |
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| |
Conclusion: the Politics of Culture | |
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The West and the World: the Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650 | |
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| |
Europeans in Africa | |
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| |
Europeans in the Americas | |
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| |
Europeans in Asia | |
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| |
The Beginnings of the Global System | |
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| |
Conclusion: the Significance of the Global Encounters | |
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| |
| |
The Reformation of Religion | |
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| |
Causes of the Reformation | |
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| |
The Lutheran Reformation | |
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| |
The Diversity of Protestantism | |
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| |
The Catholic Reformation | |
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| |
Conclusion: Competing Understandings | |
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| |
| |
The Age of Confessional Division | |
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| |
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe | |
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| |
Disciplining the People | |
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| |
Hunting Witches | |
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| |
The Confessional States | |
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| |
States and Confessions in Eastern Europe | |
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| |
Conclusion: the Divisions of the West | |
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| |
| |
Absolutism and State-Building in Europe, 1618-1715 | |
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| |
The Nature of Absolutism | |
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| |
The Absolutist State in France and Spain | |
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| |
Absolutism and State-Building in Central and Eastern Europe | |
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| |
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic | |
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| |
Conclusion: the Western State in the Age of Absolutism | |
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| |
| |
The Scientific Revolution | |
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| |
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution | |
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| |
The Search for Scientific Knowledge | |
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| |
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution | |
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| |
The Intellectual Consequences of the Scientific Revolution | |
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| |
Humans and the Natural World | |
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| |
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture | |
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| |
| |
The West and the World: Empire, Trade, and War, 1650-1815 | |
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| |
European Empires in the Americas and Asia | |
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| |
Warfare in Europe, North America, and Asia | |
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| |
The Atlantic World | |
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| |
Encounters between Europeans and Asians | |
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| |
The Crisis of Empire and the Atlantic Revolutions | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the Rise and Reshaping of the West | |
| |
| |
| |
Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture | |
| |
| |
The Aristocracy | |
| |
| |
Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance | |
| |
| |
The Enlightenment | |
| |
| |
The Impact of the Enlightenment | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the Enlightenment and Western Identity | |
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| |
| |
The Age of the French Revolution, 1789-1815 | |
| |
| |
The First French Revolution, 1789-1791 | |
| |
| |
The French Republic, 1792-1799 | |
| |
| |
Cultural Change in France During the Revolution | |
| |
| |
The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815 | |
| |
| |
The Legacy of the French Revolution | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the French Revolution and Western Civilization | |
| |
| |
| |
The Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
The Nature of the Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
Conditions Favoring Industrial Growth | |
| |
| |
The Spread of Industrialization | |
| |
| |
The Effects of Industrialization | |
| |
| |
Industry, Trade, and Empire | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: Industrialization and the West | |
| |
| |
| |
Ideological Conflicts and National Unification, 1815-1871 | |
| |
| |
New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century | |
| |
| |
Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 | |
| |
| |
National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 | |
| |
| |
International Conflict and Domestic Politics, 1853-1871 | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the Ideological Transformation in the West | |
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| |
| |
The Coming of Mass Politics: Industrialization, Emancipation, and Instability, 1870-1914 | |
| |
| |
Economic Transformation | |
| |
| |
Defining the Political Nation | |
| |
| |
Broadening the Political Nation | |
| |
| |
Outside the Political Nation? the Experience of Women | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the West in an Age of Mass Politics | |
| |
| |
| |
The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and the New Imperialism, 1870-1914 | |
| |
| |
Scientific Transformations | |
| |
| |
Cultural Crisis: the Fin de Siecle and the Birth of Modernism | |
| |
| |
The New Imperialism | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: Reshaping the West: Expansion and Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
| |
The First World War | |
| |
| |
The Origins of the First World War | |
| |
| |
The Experience of Total War | |
| |
| |
The Home Fronts | |
| |
| |
War and Revolution | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the War and the West | |
| |
| |
| |
Reconstruction, Reaction, and Continuing Revolution the 1920s and 1930s | |
| |
| |
Cultural Despair and Desire | |
| |
| |
Out of the Trenches: Reconstructing Nationalism and Gender Politics in the 1920s | |
| |
| |
The Rise of the Radical Right | |
| |
| |
The Polarization of Politics in the 1930s | |
| |
| |
The West and the World: Imperialism in the Interwar Era | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the Kingdom of Corpses | |
| |
| |
| |
World War II | |
| |
| |
The Coming of War | |
| |
| |
Europe at War, 1939-1941 | |
| |
| |
The World at War, 1941-1945 | |
| |
| |
From Allied Defeat to Allied Victory | |
| |
| |
The War Against the Jews | |
| |
| |
The Home Front: the Other Wars | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: the New West: After Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb | |
| |
| |
| |
Redefining the West After World War II | |
| |
| |
A Dubious Peace, 1945-1949 | |
| |
| |
The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War | |
| |
| |
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950s and 1960s | |
| |
| |
The West: Consensus, Consumption, and Culture | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: New Definitions, New Divisions | |
| |
| |
| |
The West in the Contemporary Era: New Encounters and Transformations | |
| |
| |
Economic Stagnation and Political Change: the 1970s and 1980s | |
| |
| |
Revolution in the East | |
| |
| |
In the Wake of Revolution | |
| |
| |
Rethinking the West | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: Where Is the West Now? | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |