| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Preface to the Eleventh Edition | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Walk-through of eLogic Online Tutorial | |
| |
| |
| |
Logic and Language | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Logical Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
What Logic Is | |
| |
| |
| |
Propositions and Sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Analyzing Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
Recognizing Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
Arguments and Explanations | |
| |
| |
| |
Deduction and Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
Induction and Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Validity and Truth | |
| |
| |
| |
Complex Argumentative Passages | |
| |
| |
| |
Reasoning | |
| |
| |
Challenge to the Reader | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 1 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Uses of Language | |
| |
| |
| |
Three Basic Functions of Language | |
| |
| |
| |
Discourse Serving Multiple Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Forms of Discourse | |
| |
| |
| |
Emotive Words | |
| |
| |
| |
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement | |
| |
| |
| |
Emotively Neutral Language | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes | |
| |
| |
| |
Extension and Intension | |
| |
| |
| |
Extensional Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
Intensional Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is a Fallacy? | |
| |
| |
| |
Fallacies of Relevance | |
| |
| |
| |
Fallacies of Presumption | |
| |
| |
| |
Fallacies of Ambiguity | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 4 | |
| |
| |
| |
Deduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Categorical Propositions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Theory of Deduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Categorical Propositions and Classes | |
| |
| |
| |
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Traditional Square of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Further Immediate Inferences | |
| |
| |
| |
Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions | |
| |
| |
| |
Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 5 | |
| |
| |
| |
Categorical Syllogisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms | |
| |
| |
| |
The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism | |
| |
| |
| |
Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 6 | |
| |
| |
| |
Arguments in Ordinary Language | |
| |
| |
| |
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language | |
| |
| |
| |
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form | |
| |
| |
| |
Uniform Translation | |
| |
| |
| |
Enthymemes | |
| |
| |
| |
Sorites | |
| |
| |
| |
Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms | |
| |
| |
| |
The Dilemma | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 7 | |
| |
| |
| |
Symbolic Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditional Statements and Material Implication | |
| |
| |
| |
Argument Forms and Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
Statement Forms and Material Equivalence | |
| |
| |
| |
Logical Equivalence | |
| |
| |
| |
The Paradoxes of Material Implication | |
| |
| |
| |
The Three "Laws of Thought" | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 8 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Method of Deduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Formal Proof of Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Rule of Replacement | |
| |
| |
| |
Proof of Invalidity | |
| |
| |
| |
Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 9 | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantification Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Singular Propositions | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantification | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions | |
| |
| |
| |
Proving Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
Proving Invalidity | |
| |
| |
| |
Asyllogistic Inference | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 10 | |
| |
| |
| |
Induction | |
| |
| |
| |
Analogy and Probable Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
Argument by Analogy | |
| |
| |
| |
Appraising Analogical Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
Refutation by Logical Analogy | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 11 | |
| |
| |
| |
Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry | |
| |
| |
| |
Cause and Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
Mill's Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Critique of Mill's Methods | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 12 | |
| |
| |
| |
Science and Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
The Values of Science | |
| |
| |
| |
Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluating Scientific Explanations | |
| |
| |
| |
Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation | |
| |
| |
| |
Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation | |
| |
| |
| |
Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification as Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 13 | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternative Conceptions of Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
The Probability Calculus | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability of Joint Occurrences | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability of Alternative Occurrences | |
| |
| |
Challenge to the Reader | |
| |
| |
| |
Expected Value | |
| |
| |
Challenge to the Reader | |
| |
| |
Summary of Chapter 14 | |
| |
| |
Solutions to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
Special Symbols | |
| |
| |
Glossary/Index | |