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| Environmental, Cultural, and Social Factors That Influence the Cultivation and Utilization of Plants | |
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| History, Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Plant Science | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| History | |
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| Trends and Issues Affecting Plant Science | |
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| Background | |
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| Domestic Trends and Issues | |
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| Global Trends and Issues | |
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| Research | |
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| Benefits from Cultivated Plants | |
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| Wood and Wood Products from Timber Trees | |
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| Textiles from Fiber-Producing Crops | |
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| Drugs and Medicines | |
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| Plants for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes | |
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| Meeting the Challenges in Plant Science | |
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| Change Through Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Hypothesis | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Data Interpretation | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Ecosystem Components | |
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| The Biomes | |
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| Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Succession | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Human Impact on Ecosystems | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Human Footprint | |
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| Plants for Human Use | |
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| Nutrition | |
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| Forage, Fiber, and Fuel | |
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| Ornamental and Recreational Uses | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Climate-Solar Radiation and Moisture Availability | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Climate | |
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| Solar Radiation | |
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| Artificial Light | |
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| Moisture Availability | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Climate-Temperature, Air Movement, and Composition | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Air Movement and Composition | |
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| Atmospheric Composition | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Soil and Managing Soil, Soil Water, and Fertility | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Definition of Soil | |
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| Kinds of Rocks | |
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| Factors Involved in Soil Formation | |
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| Parent Material | |
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| Climate | |
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| Biology | |
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| Topography | |
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| Time | |
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| Physical Properties of Soil | |
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| Soil Texture | |
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| Soil Structure | |
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| Chemical Properties of Soil | |
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| Effect of Climate | |
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| Cation Exchange Capacity | |
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| Soil Acidity and Alkalinity | |
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| Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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| Soil Organisms | |
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| Soil Organic Matter | |
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| Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio | |
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| Soil Degradation | |
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| Soil Improvement | |
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| Land Preparation | |
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| Plowing | |
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| Disking | |
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| Harrowing | |
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| Listing and Ridging | |
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| Cultivation | |
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| Deep Tillage | |
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| Conservation Tillage Systems | |
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| Land Leveling | |
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| Soil Fumigation | |
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| Artificial Soils | |
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| Soil Conservation | |
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| Extent of Erosion | |
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| Factors Affecting Erosion | |
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| Methods of Conservation | |
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| Wind Erosion | |
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| Water Management | |
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| Water Quality | |
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| Saline Water and Salinity | |
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| Permeability | |
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| Toxicity | |
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| Other Related Problems | |
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| Irrigation | |
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| Methods of Application | |
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| Fertility Management | |
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| Primary Nutrients | |
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| Secondary Nutrients | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Chelating Agents | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Integrated Management of Weeds, Insects, and Diseases | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Integrated Pest Management (IPM) | |
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| Genetic Host Resistance | |
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| Cultural Practices | |
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| Chemical Applications | |
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| Biological Control | |
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| Government Regulatory Measures | |
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| Weeds | |
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| Weed Biology and Ecology | |
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| Classification | |
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| Competition | |
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| Reproduction | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Ecology | |
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| Weed Management | |
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| Preventive Weed Control | |
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| Mechanical Weed Control | |
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| Cultural Weed Control | |
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| Biological Weed Control | |
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| Weed Control in Organic Crop Production Systems | |
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| Chemical Weed Control | |
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| Insects and Mites | |
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| Insects and Their Relatives | |
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| Insect and Mite Pest Management | |
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| Insecticides Classified by Chemistry | |
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| Important Insect Pests of Agricultural Crops and Plant Products | |
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| Rodents and Vertebrate Wildlife | |
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| Plant Diseases | |
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| Disease Signs and Symptoms | |
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| Classification of Infectious Plant Diseases | |
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| Practical Tips for Diagnosing Plant Diseases | |
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| The Safe Use of Agricultural Chemicals-Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, Miticides, and Nematicides | |
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| Pesticide Effects on the Environment | |
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| Effects on Wildlife | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplemental Reading | |
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| Plant Structure, Chemistry, Growth and Development, Genetics, and Biodiversity | |
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| Structure of Higher Plants | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| The Life Cycle of a Corn Plant (A Monocot) | |
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| The Life Cycle of a Bean Plant (A Dicot) | |
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| The Cell | |
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| Cell Structure | |
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| The Protoplast | |
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| The Cell Wall | |
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| Plant Tissues | |
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| Meristematic Tissues | |
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| Permanent Tissues | |
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| The Plant Body | |
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| Roots | |
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| The Procambium Layer | |
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| Stems | |
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| Stem Forms | |
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| Leaves | |
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| Buds | |
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| Flowers | |
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| Fruits | |
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| Seeds | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Stages of Growth and Development | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Vegetative Growth and Development | |
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| Shoot and Root Systems | |
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| Definitions and Measurements | |
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| Shoot Growth Patterns: Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials | |
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| Root Growth Patterns | |
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| How the Plant Grows | |
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| Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturaition, Senescence | |
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| Reproductive Growth and Development | |
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| Flower Induction and Initiation | |
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| Flower Development | |
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| Pollination | |
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| Fertilization | |
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| Fruit Setting | |
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| Fruit Growth and Development | |
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| Plant Growth Regulators | |
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| Auxins | |
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| Gibberellins (GAs) | |
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| Cytokinins | |
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| Ethylene | |
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| Abscisic Acid (ABA) | |
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| Additional Hormones or Hormone Classes | |
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| Synthetic Growth Retardants | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Plant Chemistry and Metabolism | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids | |
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| Secondary Products | |
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| Alkaloids | |
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| Phenolics | |
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| Terpenoids | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Photosynthesis and Respiration | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Photosynthesis: Light Energy to Reducing Power | |
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| Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrate | |
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| Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis in Higher Plants | |
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| Light Quality | |
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| Light Intensity | |
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| Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Heat | |
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| Water | |
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| Different Photosynthetic Mechanisms | |
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| Plant Development and the Source-Sink Relationship | |
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| Respiration | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Soil and Plant Water Relations | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Water | |
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| Uses in Plants | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Soil Water | |
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| Availability | |
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| Water Movement and Retention in Soil | |
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| Plant Water | |
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| Absorption and Conduction of Water | |
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| Absorption and Transport of Mineral Nutrients | |
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| |
| Translocation of Sugars | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Plant Nutrients | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| How Do Plants Absorb Nutrients from the Soil? | |
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| Elements That Plants Need for Growth and Reproduction | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium | |
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| Minor Elements | |
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| Nutrient Deficiencies | |
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| Remobilization | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Genetics and Propagation | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Basic Genetic Concepts in Plant Science | |
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| Chromosomes | |
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| Genes | |
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| Homologous Chromosomes | |
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| Mitosis | |
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| Meiosis and Fertilization | |
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| Mutations | |
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| Polyploidy | |
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| |
| Cytoplasmic Inheritance | |
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| |
| Genotype and Phenotype | |
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| Propagation of Plants | |
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| Sexual Propagation | |
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| Seed Production | |
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| Seed Formation | |
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| Seed Storage and Viability Testing | |
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| Seed Dormancy | |
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| Seed Germination | |
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| Vegetative Propagation | |
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| Apomixis | |
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| Disease Problems in Clones | |
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| Propagation by Cuttings | |
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| Propagation by Grafting and Budding | |
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| Effect of Rootstock on Growth and Development of the Scion Cultivar | |
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| Layering | |
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| Other Plant Structures Providing Natural Propagation Methods | |
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| Propagation Using Specialized Stems and Roots | |
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| |
| Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) | |
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| Biotechnology | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Crop Biodiversity: Naming, Classifying, Origin, and Germplasm Preservation | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Climatic and Related Classifications | |
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| Common and Botanical Names | |
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| |
| Development of Botanical Classifications | |
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| Scientific Classification | |
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| Plant Identification and Nomenclature | |
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| Subspecific Categories | |
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| Botanical Variety | |
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| Cultivar | |
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| Group | |
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| Family | |
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| |
| Plant Identification Key | |
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| |
| Origin of Cultivated Plants | |
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| Domestication of Plants | |
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| Methods of Plant Domestication | |
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| Vegetative or Asexual Propagation Methods | |
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| Seed or Sexual Propagation Methods | |
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| Examples of Improvement in Some Important Crop Plants | |
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| Grains and Vegetable Crops | |
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| Fruit Crops | |
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| Plant Improvement Programs | |
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| |
| Evolution and Darwinism | |
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| Searching for and Maintaining New Germplasm | |
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| |
| International Conventions Relating to Plant Genetic Resources, Conservation, and Utilization | |
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| |
| Preservation of Desirable Germplasm | |
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| |
| Broadening the Base of Agricultural Production | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Crops: Their Production and Utilization Systems | |
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| Field Crops Grown for Food, Fiber, Fuel, and Other Industrial Uses | |
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| |
| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| |
| Introduction | |
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| Tillage | |
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| Cropping Sequences | |
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| Variety Selection | |
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| Planting and Crop Establishment | |
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| Planting Date | |
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| Plant Population and Seeding Rate | |
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| Plant Spacing Configuration | |
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| Seeding Depth | |
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| Water Management: Irrigation and Drainage | |
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| Crop Nutrition | |
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| Pest Management | |
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| Weed Control | |
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| Insect Control | |
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| Disease Control | |
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| Harvest and Storage | |
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| Field Crops Grown for Food, Forage, Fiber, and Industrial Uses | |
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| Food Crops | |
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| Oil Crops | |
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| Fiber Crops | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Forage Crops and Rangelands | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Utilization of Forage Crops | |
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| Forages in Confinement Systems | |
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| Grazing | |
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| Conserved Forage | |
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| Integrated Systems (Crop Rotations with Cereals, Hay, or Livestock) | |
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| Forage Quality | |
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| Establishment | |
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| Plant Diversity in Grasslands | |
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| |
| Symbiosis with Microorganisms | |
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| |
| Grassland Ecology | |
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| |
| Plant Dispersal and Propagation | |
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| |
| Sward Growth Dynamics | |
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| |
| Balance Between Species | |
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| |
| Nutrient Balances | |
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| |
| Other Uses of Grasslands | |
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| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
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| |
| |
| Vegetable Production | |
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| |
| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| |
| Principles of Vegetable Production | |
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| |
| The Importance of Vegetable Production | |
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| |
| Overview of Vegetable Farms and Industries | |
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| |
| Characteristics of Vegetable Farming and Gardening Systems | |
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| |
| Markets for Commercially Grown Vegetables | |
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| |
| Steps in Vegetable Production | |
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| |
| Site Selection | |
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| Site Preparation | |
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| |
| Variety Selection | |
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| |
| Planting | |
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| |
| Management During Crop Growth and Development | |
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| Harvest | |
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| |
| Packaging and Post-Harvest Management | |
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| |
| Record Keeping and Maintenance and Repair of Facilities and Equipment | |
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| |
| Continuing Education | |
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| |
| Vegetable Crops Grown for Fruits and Seeds | |
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| |
| Vegetable Crops Grown for Flowers, Leaves, or Stems | |
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| |
| Vegetable Crops Grown for Underground Parts | |
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| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
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| |
| |
| Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops | |
| |
| |
| Key Learning Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Site Selection | |
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| |
| Climate | |
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| |
| Land and Soil Characteristics | |
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| |
| Irrigation Water: Quality and Availability | |
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| |
| Market Availability and Marketing Strategies | |
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| |
| Costs in Establishing and Maintaining a Fruit or Nut Planting | |
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| |
| Understanding the Flowering and Fruiting Process | |
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| |
| Flower Initiation | |
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| |
| Rest and Chilling Requirements | |
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| |
| Location of Fruit Buds and Fruiting Structures | |
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| |
| Pollination and Pollenizers | |
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| |
| Insects and Pollination | |
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| |
| Choosing a Growing System | |
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| |
| Selecting Fruiting Cultivars and Rootstocks | |
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| |
| Activities Prior to Planting | |
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| |
| Planting and Culture | |
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| |
| Laying Out the Planting | |
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| |
| Planting the Crop | |
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| |
| An Introduction to the Care and Maintenance of a Fruit Planting | |
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| |
| Training and Pruning | |
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| |
| Reasons for Training and Pruning | |
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| |
| Physiological Responses to Pruning | |
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| |
| Training and Pruning Deciduous Fruit Trees | |
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| |
| Training and Pruning Grapevines | |
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| |
| Training and Pruning Cane Fruits | |
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| |
| Training and Pruning Bush Fruits | |
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| |
| Fruit Thinning | |
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| |
| Thinning Requirements | |
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| |
| Chemical Thinning | |
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| |
| Mechanical Thinning | |
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| |
| Fruit Maturation, Ripening, and Senescence | |
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| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tropical and Subtropical Crops and Crop Production Systems | |
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| |
| Key Learning Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Climates of the Tropics and Subtropics | |
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| |
| Rainfall and Humidity | |
| |
| |
| Light and Temperature | |
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| |
| Climatic Regions | |
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| |
| Tropical Soils | |
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| |
| Important Soil Orders in the Tropics | |
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| |
| Cropping Systems | |
| |
| |
| Shifting Cultivation | |
| |
| |
| Fallow System | |
| |
| |
| Permanent Upland Cultivation | |
| |
| |
| Arable Irrigation Farming-Upland Cropping Systems | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Tropical Crop Production Systems | |
| |
| |
| Flooded Systems-Tropical Wet Rice | |
| |
| |
| Cereal-Based Systems of Semiarid West Africa | |
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| |
| Mixed Annual/Perennial Systems | |
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| |
| African Mixed Root Crop Systems | |
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| |
| Caribbean Mixed Root Crop Systems | |
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| Comparisons Between Systems | |
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| Perennial Crops | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Nursery Production | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Site Selection and Analysis | |
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| Nursery Field Production | |
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| Nursery Container Production | |
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| Pot-in-Pot Production | |
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| Media Testing for Container-Grown Plants | |
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| Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH | |
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| Media Testing | |
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| Nitrate Nitrogen Testing | |
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| Fertilizers | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Landscape Plants: Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Selection | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Light | |
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| Moisture | |
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| Wind | |
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| Soil | |
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| Trees and Shrubs in the Landscape | |
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| Choosing a Quality Tree or Shrub | |
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| Correct Planting of Woody Trees and Shrubs | |
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| Care of the Newly Purchased Tree | |
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| The Native Soil | |
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| Preparing the Hole and Planting | |
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| Mulching the Soil Surface | |
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| Tree Staking and Trunk Protection | |
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| Fertilizing Trees After Planting | |
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| Irrigation After Planting | |
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| Tree Care During the First Year-A Summary | |
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| Pruning Trees | |
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| Pruning Methods | |
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| Pruning Shrubs | |
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| Flowering on One-Year-Old Wood | |
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| Flowering on Current Year's Wood | |
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| Pruning Nonflowering Shrubs | |
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| Description of Commonly Utilized Species | |
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| Herbaceous Plants | |
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| Preparing the Garden | |
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| Perennial Maintenance | |
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| The Wonderful World of Perennials | |
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| Specialty Perennials | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Floriculture | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| The Greenhouse Industry | |
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| Controlling the Greenhouse Environment | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Light | |
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| Control of Plant Growth and Flowering | |
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| Growing Media | |
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| Irrigation and Water Quality | |
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| Mineral Nutrition | |
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| Diseases and Insects | |
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| Propagation | |
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| Greenhouse Crops | |
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| Cut Flowers | |
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| Flowering Pot Plants | |
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| Foliage Plants | |
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| Bedding Plants | |
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| Bulb Crops | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| |
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| Turfgrasses | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Establishing a Turf | |
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| Turfgrass Structure | |
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| Choosing Turfgrasses | |
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| Soil Preparation | |
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| Seeding | |
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| Seeding Depth | |
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| Time to Sow | |
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| Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment | |
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| Sodding | |
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| Points to Consider When Sodding | |
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| Steps to Follow When Sodding | |
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| Overseeding | |
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| Renovation | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Principal Turf Management Practices | |
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| Mowing | |
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| Cool-Season Turfgrass Growth Regulators | |
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| Fertilization | |
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| |
| Points to Consider When Conducting a Soil Test | |
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| Use of Sulfur to Decrease Soil pH | |
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| |
| Micronutrients | |
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| |
| Points to Consider When Fertilizing | |
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| |
| Determining Irrigation Requirements | |
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| Points to Consider When Irrigating | |
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| Methods of Reducing Irrigation Requirements | |
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| Syringing | |
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| Irrigation Water Quality | |
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| Secondary Management Practices | |
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| Pest Control | |
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| Secondary Cultural Practices | |
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| Determining Secondary Cultural Practice Requirements | |
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| Cultivation | |
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| |
| Mechanical Thatch Removal | |
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| Top-Dressing | |
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| |
| Localized Dry Spot | |
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| Miscellaneous Management Practices | |
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| Seasonal Growth | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
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| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
| |
| |
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| Residential and Public Landscapes | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| The Residential Landscape | |
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| Planning the Landscape | |
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| Functions of Plants in the Landscape | |
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| Plant Selection | |
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| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
| |
| |
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| Harvest, Post-Harvest Handling, Storage, Distribution, and Marketing | |
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| Key Learning Concepts | |
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| Harvesting | |
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| Functions of Harvesting Machinery and Equipment | |
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| |
| Mechanically Harvested Crops | |
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| Post-Harvest Handling and Preservation | |
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| Post-Harvest Deterioration | |
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| Quality | |
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| Post-Harvest Handling | |
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| Preservation by Drying | |
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| Storage | |
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| |
| Marketing of Agricultural Products | |
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| |
| The Process of Marketing | |
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| |
| Governmental Marketing Services | |
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| |
| Agricultural Cooperatives | |
| |
| |
| Marketing Boards | |
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| |
| Transporting Commodities | |
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| |
| Rail Transport | |
| |
| |
| Truck Transport | |
| |
| |
| Sea Transport | |
| |
| |
| Air Transport | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Food for Thought | |
| |
| |
| Supplementary Reading | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |