| |
| |
| |
The Diagnostic Process | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Just-in-Time Knowledge | |
| |
| |
Think of a Funnel | |
| |
| |
Finding the Root Cause | |
| |
| |
The Eight-Step Diagnostic Procedure | |
| |
| |
Troubleshooting Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Charts | |
| |
| |
Typical Noncomputer Problems | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Trouble Code Retrieval | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Computer Precautions | |
| |
| |
How Diagnostic Trouble Codes Are Set | |
| |
| |
Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
Pending and Mature Codes | |
| |
| |
Methods for Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Flash Code Retrieval on OBD I General Motors Vehicles | |
| |
| |
Scan Tool DTC Retrieval on General Motors OBD I Vehicles | |
| |
| |
Retrieving Ford Diagnostic Codes | |
| |
| |
Flash Code Retrieval on DaimlerChrysler Vehicles | |
| |
| |
Scan Tool DTC Retrieval on DaimlerChrysler Vehicles | |
| |
| |
Honda Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Retrieving Honda Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Clearing Honda DTCs | |
| |
| |
Toyota Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Toyota OBD I Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Clearing Toyota DTCs | |
| |
| |
Retrieving OBD II Codes-16 Pin | |
| |
| |
DTC Numbering Explanation | |
| |
| |
OBD II Active Tests | |
| |
| |
Types of DTCs | |
| |
| |
Retrieving OBD II DTCs | |
| |
| |
Generic OBD II Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Clearing OBD II DTCs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Technical Service Bulletins and Scan Tool Data | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Technical Service Bulletins | |
| |
| |
Vehicle Identification | |
| |
| |
Vehicle Safety Certification Label | |
| |
| |
VECI Label | |
| |
| |
Calibration Codes | |
| |
| |
Casting Numbers | |
| |
| |
Service Information | |
| |
| |
Types of Technical Service Bulletins | |
| |
| |
Scan Tool Testing | |
| |
| |
Scan Data Retrieval Procedure | |
| |
| |
Injector Pulse Width Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensor Activity | |
| |
| |
The Need for Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
Short-Term Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
Long-Term Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
Using Fuel Trim as a Diagnostic Aid | |
| |
| |
Fuel Trim Cells | |
| |
| |
Fuel Trim Cell Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Fuel Trim Monitor | |
| |
| |
Generic and OEM Data | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
OBD II | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Onboard Diagnostics Generation-II (OBD II) Systems | |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Executive and Task Manager | |
| |
| |
Monitors | |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Trouble Code Priority | |
| |
| |
OBD II Monitor Information Summary | |
| |
| |
Enabling Criteria | |
| |
| |
Monitor Running Conditions | |
| |
| |
OBD II Drive Cycle | |
| |
| |
OBD II DTC Numbering Designation | |
| |
| |
Freeze Frame and Failure Records | |
| |
| |
Fuel Trim and Misfire Codes | |
| |
| |
Generic OBD II | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing Problems Using Mode Six | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Digital Meters and Scopes | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Test Lights | |
| |
| |
Self-Powered Test Lights | |
| |
| |
Led Test Light | |
| |
| |
Logic Probe | |
| |
| |
Digital Multimeters | |
| |
| |
Measuring Amperes | |
| |
| |
AC/DC Clamp-On Digital Multimeter | |
| |
| |
Measuring Voltage | |
| |
| |
Measuring Resistance | |
| |
| |
Electrical Unit Prefixes | |
| |
| |
How to Read Digital Meters | |
| |
| |
RMS Versus Average | |
| |
| |
Resolution, Digits, and Counts | |
| |
| |
Accuracy | |
| |
| |
Analog Versus Digital Storage Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
Oscilloscope Display Grid | |
| |
| |
Setting the Time Base | |
| |
| |
Setting the Volts per Division | |
| |
| |
DC Coupling | |
| |
| |
AC Coupling | |
| |
| |
Pulse Trains | |
| |
| |
Triggering | |
| |
| |
Using Scope Leads | |
| |
| |
Measuring Battery Voltage with a Scope | |
| |
| |
Scope Probe Attenuation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Advanced Starting and Charging Systems Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Purpose and Function of a Battery | |
| |
| |
Battery Ratings | |
| |
| |
Symptoms of a Weak or Defective Battery | |
| |
| |
Battery Service Safety Considerations | |
| |
| |
Battery Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
Battery Voltage Test | |
| |
| |
Battery Load Testing | |
| |
| |
Capacitance Testing | |
| |
| |
Jump Starting | |
| |
| |
Battery Charging | |
| |
| |
Battery Service | |
| |
| |
Battery Electrical Drain Test | |
| |
| |
Battery Electrical Drain Testing Using an Ammeter | |
| |
| |
Procedure for Battery Electrical Drain Test | |
| |
| |
Finding the Source of the Drain | |
| |
| |
What to Do If a Battery Drain Still Exists After All the Fuses Are Disconnected | |
| |
| |
Cranking Circuit | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing Starter Problems Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
Starter Testing on the Vehicle | |
| |
| |
Testing a Starter Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
Voltage-Drop Testing | |
| |
| |
Starter Drive-to-Flywheel Clearance | |
| |
| |
How a Generator Works | |
| |
| |
Generator Construction | |
| |
| |
Checking Charging System Voltage | |
| |
| |
Testing a Generator Using a Voltmeter | |
| |
| |
Testing a Generator Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
AC Ripple Voltage Check | |
| |
| |
AC Current Check | |
| |
| |
Charging System Voltage-Drop Testing | |
| |
| |
Generator Output Test | |
| |
| |
How to Determine Minimum Required Generator Output | |
| |
| |
Testing a Generator Using a Scope | |
| |
| |
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Ignition System Components and Operation | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Ignition System Operation | |
| |
| |
Ignition Coils | |
| |
| |
Switching and Triggering | |
| |
| |
Primary Circuit Operation | |
| |
| |
Distributor Ignition | |
| |
| |
Waste-Spark Ignition Systems | |
| |
| |
Ignition Control Circuits | |
| |
| |
Compression Sensing Ignition | |
| |
| |
Coil-on-Plug Ignition | |
| |
| |
Ion-Sensing Ignition | |
| |
| |
Ignition Timing | |
| |
| |
Initial Timing | |
| |
| |
Knock Sensors | |
| |
| |
Spark Plugs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Ignition System Diagnosis and Service | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Checking for Spark | |
| |
| |
Electronic Ignition Troubleshooting Procedure | |
| |
| |
Ignition Coil Testing Using an Ohmmeter | |
| |
| |
Pickup Coil Testing | |
| |
| |
Testing Magnetic Sensors | |
| |
| |
Testing Hall-Effect Sensors | |
| |
| |
Testing Optical Sensors | |
| |
| |
Ignition System Diagnosis Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
Testing for Poor Performance | |
| |
| |
Testing for a No-Start Condition | |
| |
| |
Ignition System Service | |
| |
| |
Firing Order | |
| |
| |
Distributor Cap and Rotor Inspection | |
| |
| |
Spark Plug Wire Inspection | |
| |
| |
Spark Plug Service | |
| |
| |
Quick and Easy Secondary Ignition Tests | |
| |
| |
Ignition Timing | |
| |
| |
Scope-Testing the Ignition System | |
| |
| |
Distributor Indexing | |
| |
| |
Scope-Testing a Waste-Spark Ignition System | |
| |
| |
Ignition System Troubleshooting Guide | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Gasoline and Alternative Fuels | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Gasoline | |
| |
| |
Volatility | |
| |
| |
Distillation Curve | |
| |
| |
Normal and Abnormal Combustion | |
| |
| |
Octane Rating | |
| |
| |
Gasoline Grades and Octane Number | |
| |
| |
Regionally Blended Gasoline | |
| |
| |
Octane Improvers | |
| |
| |
Oxygenated Fuels | |
| |
| |
Alcohol Additives-Advantages and Disadvantages | |
| |
| |
Testing Gasoline for Alcohol Content | |
| |
| |
Combustion Chemistry | |
| |
| |
Air-Fuel Ratios | |
| |
| |
High-Altitude Octane Requirements | |
| |
| |
Valve Recession and Unleaded Fuel | |
| |
| |
Reformulated Gasoline | |
| |
| |
General Gasoline Recommendations | |
| |
| |
Alternative Fuels | |
| |
| |
Hybrid Electric Vehicles | |
| |
| |
Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature and Throttle Position Sensors Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors | |
| |
| |
Stepped ECT Circuits | |
| |
| |
Testing the Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
Intake Air Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
Testing the Intake Air Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
Temperature Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Throttle Position Sensors | |
| |
| |
TP Sensor Computer Input Functions | |
| |
| |
PCM Uses for the TP Sensor | |
| |
| |
Testing the Throttle Position Sensor | |
| |
| |
Testing a TP Sensor Using the MIN/MAX Function | |
| |
| |
Testing the TP Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
TP Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
MAP and MAF Sensors Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Air Pressure-High and Low | |
| |
| |
Principles of Pressure Sensors | |
| |
| |
Construction of Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensors | |
| |
| |
Ceramic Disc MAP Sensor | |
| |
| |
PCM Uses of the MAP Sensor | |
| |
| |
Barometric Pressure Sensor | |
| |
| |
Testing the Map Sensor Using a DMM | |
| |
| |
Testing The MAP Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Rail Pressure Sensor | |
| |
| |
MAP/BARO Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
Analog and Digital MAF Sensors | |
| |
| |
Mass Air Flow Sensor Types | |
| |
| |
Karman Vortex Sensors | |
| |
| |
PCM Uses for Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
Testing Mass Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensor Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
Zirconia Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
Titania Oxygen Sensor | |
| |
| |
Wide-Band Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
Closed Loop and Open Loop | |
| |
| |
PCM Uses of the Oxygen Sensor | |
| |
| |
Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Digital Voltmeter | |
| |
| |
Testing the Oxygen Sensor Using the MIN/MAX Method | |
| |
| |
Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Scope | |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensor Waveform Analysis | |
| |
| |
Frequency | |
| |
| |
Hash | |
| |
| |
Classifications of Hash | |
| |
| |
Hash Interpretation | |
| |
| |
Negative O2S Voltage | |
| |
| |
False O2S Readings | |
| |
| |
Postcatalytic Converter Oxygen Sensor Testing | |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensor Inspection | |
| |
| |
Oxygen Sensor-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Delivery System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Fuel Delivery System | |
| |
| |
Fuel Supply System | |
| |
| |
Electric Fuel Pumps | |
| |
| |
Fuel Filters | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Pump Testing | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Pump Current Draw Test | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Pump Current Ramping | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Pump Replacement | |
| |
| |
Fuel Supply-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis and Service | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Port Fuel-Injection Pressure Regulator Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing Electronic Fuel-Injection Problems Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
Scan Tool Vacuum Leak Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Port Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Testing for an Injector Pulse | |
| |
| |
Checking Fuel-Injector Resistance | |
| |
| |
Measuring Resistance of Grouped Injectors | |
| |
| |
Pressure-Drop Balance Test | |
| |
| |
Injector Voltage Drop Test | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Gas Balance Test | |
| |
| |
Scope Testing Fuel Injectors | |
| |
| |
Injector Current Ramping | |
| |
| |
Idle Air Speed Control Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Fuel-Injection Service | |
| |
| |
Fuel-System Scan Tool Diagnostics | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Emission Control Devices Operation and Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Vehicle Emissions | |
| |
| |
Need for Evaporative Emission Control | |
| |
| |
Vapor Canister Storage | |
| |
| |
Vapor Purging | |
| |
| |
Evaporative Control Systems | |
| |
| |
Enhanced Evaporative Control System | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing the Evap System | |
| |
| |
Locating Leaks in the System | |
| |
| |
Evaporative System Monitor | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems | |
| |
| |
NO[subscript x] Formation | |
| |
| |
Controlling NO[subscript x] | |
| |
| |
EGR System Operation | |
| |
| |
Positive and Negative Back Pressure EGR Valves | |
| |
| |
Computer-Controlled EGR | |
| |
| |
EGR Valve Position Sensors | |
| |
| |
OBD II EGR Monitoring Strategies | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing a Defective EGR System | |
| |
| |
OBD II EGR System Monitor | |
| |
| |
Crankcase Ventilation | |
| |
| |
PCV Valves | |
| |
| |
Orifice-Controlled Systems | |
| |
| |
Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
PCV Monitor | |
| |
| |
Air Pump System | |
| |
| |
Air Distribution Manifolds and Nozzles | |
| |
| |
Air Pump System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Catalytic Converters | |
| |
| |
Ceramic Monolith Catalytic Converter | |
| |
| |
OBD II Catalytic Converter Performance | |
| |
| |
Converter Damaging Conditions | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing Catalytic Converters | |
| |
| |
OBD II Catalytic Converter Monitor | |
| |
| |
Catalytic Converter Replacement Guidelines | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Exhaust Emission Testing | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Analysis Testing | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Analysis and Combustion Efficiency | |
| |
| |
Baselining a Failed Vehicle | |
| |
| |
What to Do After Baselining | |
| |
| |
HC Too High | |
| |
| |
CO Too High | |
| |
| |
Measuring Oxygen (O[subscript 2]) and Carbon Dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
Photochemical Smog Formation | |
| |
| |
Testing for Oxides of Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
Correcting High HC Emissions | |
| |
| |
Correcting High CO Emissions | |
| |
| |
Correcting High HC and CO Emissions | |
| |
| |
Correcting High NO[subscript x] Emissions | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Engine Condition Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Typical Engine-Related Complaints | |
| |
| |
Engine Smoke Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Diesel Exhaust Smoke Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Engine Noise Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Oil Pressure Testing | |
| |
| |
Oil Pressure Warning Lamp | |
| |
| |
Compression Test | |
| |
| |
Wet Compression Test | |
| |
| |
Running (Dynamic) Compression Test | |
| |
| |
Cylinder Leakage Test | |
| |
| |
Cylinder Power Balance Test | |
| |
| |
Power Balance Test Procedure | |
| |
| |
HC Balance Test | |
| |
| |
Relative Compression Test | |
| |
| |
Vacuum Testing | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Restriction Test | |
| |
| |
Testing Back Pressure with a Vacuum Gauge | |
| |
| |
Testing Back Pressure with a Pressure Gauge | |
| |
| |
Timing Chain Slack Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Diagnosing Head Gasket Failure | |
| |
| |
Dash Warning Lights | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Symptom-Based Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
Engine Hesitates, Sags, or Stumbles During Acceleration | |
| |
| |
Rough Idle or Stalling | |
| |
| |
Spark Knock (Ping or Detonation) | |
| |
| |
Engine Cranks Okay, But Is Hard to Start | |
| |
| |
Engine Does Not Crank or Cranks Slowly | |
| |
| |
Poor Fuel Economy | |
| |
| |
Dieseling or Run-On | |
| |
| |
Backfire | |
| |
| |
Lack of Power | |
| |
| |
Surges | |
| |
| |
Cuts Out or Misfires | |
| |
| |
Rich Exhaust | |
| |
| |
Lean Exhaust | |
| |
| |
Symptoms of a Defective Component | |
| |
| |
Excessive CO Exhaust Emissions | |
| |
| |
Excessive HC Exhaust Emissions | |
| |
| |
Excessive NO[subscript x] Exhaust Emissions | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Ase Engine Performance (A8) Certification Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Ase Advanced Level (L1) Engine Performance Certification Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Engine Performance (A8) Ase Certification Test Correlation Chart | |
| |
| |
| |
Engine Performance (A8) Natef Task List Correlation Chart | |
| |
| |
English Glossary | |
| |
| |
Spanish Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |