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Preface | |
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Soil Composition and Importance | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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What Is Soil? | |
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Components of Soil | |
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Historical Perspectives | |
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Soil--A Precious Resource | |
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Soil Quality | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Physical Properties | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Soil Texture | |
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Rock Fragments | |
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Soil Structure | |
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Bulk Density | |
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Soil Porosity and Permeability | |
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Soil Air | |
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Consistence (Strength) | |
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Soil Color | |
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Soil Temperature | |
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Soil Physical Properties and Engineering | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Water Properties | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Water Chemistry | |
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Soil Water Content | |
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Soil Water Potential and Availability | |
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Soils as Water Reservoirs | |
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Methods of Determining Water Content or Potential | |
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Water Flow into and through Soils | |
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Water Uptake by Plants | |
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Consumptive Use and Water Efficiency | |
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Reducing Water Loss | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Chemical Properties | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Soil Clays | |
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Organic Colloids (Humus) | |
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Cation Exchange | |
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Anion Exchange and Adsorption | |
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Soil pH | |
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Equilibrium, Buffering, and Other Principles | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Organisms and Their Residues | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Animalia: Rodents, Worms, and Insects | |
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Plantae: Plants | |
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Fungi: Molds, Mushrooms, and Mycorrhizae | |
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Protista | |
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Monera: Bacteria | |
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Soil Viruses and Viroids | |
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Conditions for Microbial Activity | |
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Composition of Organic Matter | |
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Decomposition of Organic Matter | |
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Effects of Soil Organic Matter | |
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Organic Waste Materials | |
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Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Formation and Morphology | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Weathering of Soil Minerals | |
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Soil Formation: Building a Matrix for Living Organisms | |
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Soil-Forming Factors | |
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Landforms and Soil Development | |
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Morphology of Soil Horizons | |
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Diagnostic Horizons | |
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Degradation of Soils | |
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Soil Individuals and Mapping Units | |
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Geographical Information Systems | |
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Global Positioning Systems | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Taxonomy | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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U.S. System of Soil Taxonomy | |
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Constructing Taxonomic Names | |
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Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes | |
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Additional Terminology for Family Groupings | |
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Distribution of Soil Orders | |
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Soil Order: Gelisols (Soils with Permafrost) | |
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Soil Order: Histosols (Organic Soils) | |
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Soil Order: Entisols (Soils with Little or no Horizon Development) | |
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Soil Order: Inceptisols (Soils with Weak Horizon Development) | |
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Soil Order: Andisols (Young Volcanic Soils) | |
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Soil Order: Aridisols (Desert Soils) | |
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Soil Order: Mollisols (Prairie Soils) | |
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Soil Order: Vertisols (Shrink-Swell Clays) | |
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Soil Order: Alfisols (Fertile Soils with Subsoil Clay) | |
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Soil Order: Spodosols (Soils with Humus under Sand) | |
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Soil Order: Ultisols (Highly Leached Soils with Subsoil Clay) | |
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Soil Order: Oxisols (Highly Oxidized Soils) | |
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Other Soil Classification Systems | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Acidic Soils | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Why Some Soils Are Acidic | |
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Ecological Relation of Soil Acidity | |
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Composition of Lime | |
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Reactions of Lime Added to Acidic Soils | |
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Crops, Lime, and Soil | |
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Acidifying Soils | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Salt-Affected Soils | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Soluble Salts and Plant Growth | |
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Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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The Salt Problem and Salt Balance | |
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Reclaiming Salty Soils | |
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Managing Salty Soils | |
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What Makes Plants Salt Tolerant? | |
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Monitoring Salts in the Field | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Plant Nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Essential Elements | |
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Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake | |
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Soil Nitrogen Gains and Transformations | |
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Nitrogen Losses from the System | |
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Nitrogen Balance | |
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Materials Supplying Nitrogen | |
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Soil Phosphorus | |
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The Phosphorus Problem | |
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Managing Soil Phosphorus | |
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Materials Supplying Phosphorus | |
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Soil Potassium | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Micronutrients | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Soil Calcium | |
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Soil Magnesium | |
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Soil Sulfur | |
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Soil Micronutrients | |
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Soil Boron | |
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Soil Iron | |
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Soil Zinc | |
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Soil Manganese | |
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Soil Copper | |
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Soil Molybdenum | |
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Soil Chloride | |
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Beneficial Elements | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Fertility Management | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Goals and Concerns in Fertility Management | |
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Soil Sampling | |
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Soil Tests and Recommendations | |
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Analysis of Plants | |
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Fertilizer Recommendations | |
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Fertilizer Guarantee (Grade) | |
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Fertilizer Calculations | |
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Techniques of Fertilizer Application | |
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Fertilizer Efficiency | |
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Livestock Manure as Fertilizer | |
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Precision Agriculture | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Tillage Systems and Alternatives | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Purposes for Tillage | |
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Tillage Terminology | |
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Understanding Tillage Alternatives | |
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Tillage and Environmental Sustainability | |
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Which Tillage System Is Best? | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Erosion | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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The Soil Erosion Problem | |
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Nature of Water Erosion | |
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Factors Affecting Erosion by Water | |
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Erosion Tolerance | |
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Water Erosion Control | |
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Nature of Wind Erosion | |
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Factors Affecting Erosion by Wind | |
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Wind-Erosion Control | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Water Resources and Irrigation | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Water Resources for Irrigation | |
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Irrigation Water Quality | |
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Meeting Water Needs of Plants | |
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Methods of Applying Water | |
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Special Irrigation Techniques | |
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Irrigating Efficiently | |
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Increasing Water Supplies | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Wetlands and Land Drainage | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Wetlands Trends and Laws | |
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Wetlands Characteristics | |
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Functions of Wetlands | |
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Drainage to Improve Soil Conditions | |
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Drainage Pros and Cons | |
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Drainage System Selection | |
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Surface Drainage Systems | |
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Subsurface Drainage Systems | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Pollution of Soil, Water, and Air | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Threats to the Environment | |
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Pollution Terminology | |
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Plant Nutrients | |
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Organic Wastes | |
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Pesticides | |
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Heavy Metals | |
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Natural Toxins | |
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Particulates and Gases | |
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Radionuclides | |
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Soluble Salts | |
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Soil Sediments as Pollutants | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Toward Environmental Integrity | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Environmental Laws | |
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Best Management Practices | |
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Managing Organic Wastes | |
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Reducing Pesticide Contamination | |
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Improving Air and Water Quality | |
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Improving Soil Quality | |
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Remediation of Contaminated Soil | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Soil Surveys and Land-Use Planning | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Conducting a Soil Survey | |
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Soil Survey Reports | |
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Electronic Databases for Soils | |
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Special Soil Designations | |
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Land Evaluation | |
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Data Interpretations for Soil Uses | |
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Controls in Land-Use Planning | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Greenhouse Soils and Soilless Culture | |
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Preview and Important Facts | |
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Root Media | |
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Root Media Mixes | |
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Pasteurization of Media | |
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Watering | |
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Fertilization | |
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Soil and Tissue Testing | |
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Hydroponics: Solution Culture | |
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Questions | |
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For Further Study | |
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Appendix A | |
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Appendix B | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |