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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistics and the Life Sciences | |
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| Examples and Overview | |
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| Description of Populations and Samples | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Frequency Distributions: Techniques for Data | |
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| Frequency Distributions: Shapes and Examples | |
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| Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center | |
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| Boxplots | |
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| Measures of Dispersion | |
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| Effect of Transformation of Variables (Optional) | |
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| Samples and Populations: Statistical Inference | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Random Sampling, Probability, and the Binomial Distribution | |
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| Probability and the Life Sciences | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Introduction to Probability | |
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| Probability Trees | |
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| Probability Rules (Optional) | |
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| Density Curves | |
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| Random Variables | |
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| The Binomial Distribution | |
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| Fitting a Binomial Distribution to Data (Optional) | |
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| The Normal Distribution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Normal Curves | |
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| Areas Under a Normal Curve | |
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| Assessing Normality | |
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| The Continuity Correction (Optional) | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Basic Ideas | |
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| Dichotomous Observations | |
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| Quantitative Observations | |
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| Illustration of the Central Limit Theorem (Optional) | |
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| The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution (Optional) | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Statistical Estimation | |
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| Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Confidence Interval for [mu] | |
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| Planning a Study to Estimate [mu] | |
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| Conditions for Validity of Estimation Methods | |
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| Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | |
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| Perspective and Summary | |
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| Comparison of Two Independent Samples | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Standard Error of (y[subscript 1] - y[subscript 2]) | |
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| Confidence Interval for ([mu subscript 1] - [mu subscript 2]) | |
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| Hypothesis Testing: The t test | |
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| Further Discussion of the t test | |
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| One-Tailed t Tests | |
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| More on Interpretation of Statistical Significance | |
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| Planning for Adequate Power (Optional) | |
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| Student's t: Conditions and Summary | |
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| More on Principles of Testing Hypotheses | |
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| The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Statistical Principles of Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Observational Studies | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Restricted Randomization: Blocking and Stratification | |
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| Levels of Replication | |
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| Sampling Concerns (Optional) | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Comparison of Paired Samples | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Paired-Sample t test and Confidence Interval | |
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| The Paired Design | |
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| The Sign Test | |
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| The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
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| Further Considerations in Paired Experiments | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Analysis of Categorical Data | |
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| Inference for Proportions: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| The Chi-Square Test for the 2 X 2 Contingency Table | |
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| Indepence and Association in the 2 X 2 Contingency Table | |
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| Fisher's Exact Test (Optional) | |
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| The r X k Contingency Table | |
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| Applicability of Methods | |
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| Confidence Interval for Difference Between Probabilities | |
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| Paired Data and 2 X 2 Tables (Optional) | |
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| Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio (Optional) | |
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| Summary of Chi-Square Tests | |
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| Comparing the Means of Many Independent Samples | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Basic Analysis of Variance | |
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| The Analysis of Variance Model (Optional) | |
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| The Global F Test | |
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| Applicability of Methods | |
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| Two-Way ANOVA (Optional) | |
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| Linear Combinations of Means (Optional) | |
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| Multiple Comparisons (Optional) | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Linear Regression and Correlation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Fitted Regression Line | |
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| Parametric Interpretation of Regression: The Linear Model | |
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| Statistical Inference Concerning [beta subscript 1] | |
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| The Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Guidelines for Interpreting Regression and Correlation | |
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| Perspective | |
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| Summary of Formulas | |
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| A Summary of Inference Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data Analysis Examples | |
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| Chapter Appendices | |
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| Chapter Notes | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Random Digits | |
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| Binomial Coefficients [subscript n]C[subscript j] | |
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| Areas Under the Normal Curve | |
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| Critical Values of Student's t Distribution | |
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| Number of Observations for Independent-Samples t Test | |
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| Critical Values of U, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Statistic | |
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| Critical Values of B for the Sign Test | |
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| Critical Values of W for the Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test | |
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| Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution | |
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| Critical Values of the F Distribution | |
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| Critical Constants for the Newman-Keuls Procedure | |
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| Bonferroni Multipliers for 95% Confidence Intervals | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |
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| Index of Examples | |