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Preface | |
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Environmental Soil Chemistry: an Overview | |
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Evolution of Soil Chemistry | |
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The Modern Environmental Movement | |
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Contaminants in Waters and Soils | |
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Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters | |
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Soil Decontamination | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Inorganic Soil Components | |
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Introduction | |
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Pauling's Rules | |
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Primary Soil Minerals | |
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Secondary Soil Minerals | |
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Specific Surface of Soil Minerals | |
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Surface Charge of Soil Minerals | |
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Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses | |
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Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter | |
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Introduction | |
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Effects of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents | |
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Composition of SOM | |
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Fractionation of SOM | |
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SOM Structure | |
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Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics | |
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Humic Substance-Metal Interactions | |
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SOM-Clay Complexes | |
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Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Soil Solution-Solid Phase Equilibria | |
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Introduction | |
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Measurement of the Soil Solution | |
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Speciation of the Soil Solution | |
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Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients | |
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Dissolution and Solubility Processes | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Sorption Phenomena on Soils | |
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Introduction and Terminology | |
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Surface Functional Groups | |
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Surface Complexes | |
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Adsorption Isotherms | |
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Equilibrium-Based Adsorption Models | |
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Surface Precipitation | |
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Sorption of Metal Cations | |
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Sorption of Anions | |
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Points of Zero Charge | |
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Desorption | |
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Use of Spectroscopic and Microscopic Methods in Determining Mechanisms for Sorption-Desorption Phenomena | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Ion Exchange Processes | |
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Introduction | |
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Characteristics of Ion Exchange | |
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Cation Exchange Equilibrium Constants and Selectivity Coefficients | |
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Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange | |
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Relationship between Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ion Exchange | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes | |
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Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions | |
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Rate Laws | |
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Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants | |
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Kinetic Models | |
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Kinetic Methodologies | |
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Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates | |
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Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Redox Chemistry of Soils | |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Potentials | |
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Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams | |
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Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials | |
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Submerged Soils | |
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Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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The Chemistry of Soil Acidity | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity | |
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Solution Chemistry of Aluminum | |
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Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum | |
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Soil Acidity | |
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Liming Soils | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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The Chemistry of Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Causes of Soil Salinity | |
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Sources of Soluble Salts | |
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Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters | |
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Classification and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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Effects of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties | |
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Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Appendix A | |
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Appendix B | |
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References | |
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Index | |