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Prologue | |
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Preface | |
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Chemical Thermodynamics and Flame Temperatures | |
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Introduction | |
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Heats of reaction and formation | |
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Free energy and the equilibrium constants | |
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Flame temperature calculations | |
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Analysis | |
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Practical considerations | |
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Sub- and super sonic combustion thermodynamics | |
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Comparisons | |
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Stagnation pressure considerations | |
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Problems | |
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Chemical Kinetics | |
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Introduction | |
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Rates of reactions and their temperature dependence | |
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The Arrhenius rate expression | |
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Transition state and recombination rate theories | |
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Simultaneous interdependent reactions | |
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Chain reactions | |
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Pseudo-first-order reactions and the "fall-off" range | |
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The partial equilibrium assumption | |
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Pressure effect in fractional conversion | |
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Chemical kinetics of large reaction mechanisms | |
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Sensitivity analysis | |
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Rate of production analysis | |
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Coupled thermal and chemical reacting systems | |
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Mechanism simplification | |
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Problems | |
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Explosive and General Oxidative Characteristics of Fuels | |
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Introduction | |
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Chain branching reactions and criteria for explosion | |
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Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of hydrogen | |
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Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of carbon monoxide | |
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Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of hydrocarbons | |
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Organic nomenclature | |
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Explosion limits | |
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"Low-temperature" hydrocarbon oxidation mechanisms | |
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The oxidation of aldehydes | |
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The oxidation of methane | |
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Low-temperature mechanism | |
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High-temperature mechanism | |
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The oxidation of higher-order hydrocarbons | |
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Aliphatic hydrocarbons | |
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Alcohols | |
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Aromatic hydrocarbons | |
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Supercritical effects | |
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Problems | |
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Flame Phenomena in Premixed Combustible Gases | |
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Introduction | |
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Laminar flame structure | |
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The laminar flame speed | |
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The theory of Mallard and Le Chatelier | |
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The theory of Zeldovich, Frank-Kamenetskii, and Semenov | |
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Comprehensive theory and laminar flame structure analysis | |
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The laminar flame and the energy equation | |
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Flame speed measurements | |
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Experimental results: physical and chemical effects | |
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Stability limits of laminar flames | |
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Flammability limits | |
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Quenching distance | |
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Flame stabilization (low velocity) | |
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Stability limits and design | |
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Flame propagation through stratified combustible mixtures | |
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Turbulent reacting flows and turbulent flames | |
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The rate of reaction in a turbulent field | |
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Regimes of turbulent reacting flows | |
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The turbulent flame speed | |
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Stirred reactor theory | |
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Flame stabilization in high-velocity streams | |
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Combustion in small volumes | |
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Problems | |
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Detonation | |
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Introduction | |
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Premixed and diffusion flames | |
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Explosion, deflagration, and detonation | |
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The onset of detonation | |
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Detonation phenomena | |
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Hugoniot relations and the hydrodynamic theory of detonations | |
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Characterization of the Hugoniot curve and the uniqueness of the C-J point | |
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Determination of the speed of sound in the burned gases for conditions above the C-J point | |
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Calculation of the detonation velocity | |
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Comparison of detonation velocity calculations with experimental results | |
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The ZND structure of detonation waves | |
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The structure of the cellular detonation front and other detonation phenomena parameters | |
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The cellular detonation front | |
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The dynamic detonation parameters | |
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Detonation limits | |
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Detonations in nongaseous media | |
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Problems | |
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Diffusion Flames | |
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Introduction | |
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Gaseous fuel jets | |
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Appearance | |
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Structure | |
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Theoretical considerations | |
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The Burke-Schumann development | |
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Turbulent fuel jets | |
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Burning of condensed phases | |
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General mass burning considerations and the evaporation coefficient | |
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Single fuel droplets in quiescent atmospheres | |
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Burning of droplet clouds | |
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Burning in convective atmospheres | |
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The stagnant film case | |
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The longitudinally burning surface | |
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The flowing droplet case | |
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Burning rates of plastics: The small B assumption and radiation effects | |
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Problems | |
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Ignition | |
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Concepts | |
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Chain spontaneous ignition | |
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Thermal spontaneous ignition | |
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Semenov approach of thermal ignition | |
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Frank-Kamenetskii theory of thermal ignition | |
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Forced ignition | |
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Spark ignition and minimum ignition energy | |
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Ignition by adiabatic compression and shock waves | |
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Other ignition concepts | |
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Hypergolicity and pyrophoricity | |
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Catalytic ignition | |
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Problems | |
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Environmental Combustion Considerations | |
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Introduction | |
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The nature of photochemical smog | |
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Primary and secondary pollutants | |
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The effect of NO[subscript x] | |
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The effect of SO[subscript x] | |
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Formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides | |
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The structure of the nitrogen oxides | |
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The effect of flame structure | |
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Reaction mechanisms of oxides of nitrogen | |
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The reduction of NO[subscript x] | |
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SO[subscript x] emissions | |
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The product composition and structure of sulfur compounds | |
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Oxidative mechanisms of sulfur fuels | |
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Particulate formation | |
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Characteristics of soot | |
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Soot formation processes | |
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Experimental systems and soot formation | |
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Sooting tendencies | |
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Detailed structure of sooting flames | |
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Chemical mechanisms of soot formation | |
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The influence of physical and chemical parameters on soot formation | |
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Stratospheric ozone | |
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The HO[subscript x] catalytic cycle | |
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The NO[subscript x] catalytic cycle | |
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The ClO[subscript x] catalytic cycle | |
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Problems | |
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Combustion of Nonvolatile Fuels | |
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Carbon char, soot, and metal combustion | |
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Metal combustion thermodynamics | |
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The criterion for vapor-phase combustion | |
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Thermodynamics of metal-oxygen systems | |
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Thermodynamics of metal-air systems | |
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Combustion synthesis | |
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Diffusional kinetics | |
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Diffusion-controlled burning rate | |
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Burning of metals in nearly pure oxygen | |
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Burning of small particles - diffusion versus kinetic limits | |
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The burning of boron particles | |
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Carbon particle combustion (C. R. Shaddix) | |
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Practical carbonaceous fuels (C. R. Shaddix) | |
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Devolatilization | |
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Char combustion | |
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Pulverized coal char oxidation | |
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Gasification and oxy-combustion | |
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Soot oxidation (C. R. Shaddix) | |
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Problems | |
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Appendixes | |
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Thermochemical Data and Conversion Factors | |
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Conversion factors and physical constants | |
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Thermochemical data for selected chemical compounds | |
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Thermochemical data for species included in reaction list of Appendix C | |
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Adiabatic Flame Temperatures of Hydrocarbons | |
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Adiabatic flame temperatures | |
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Specific Reaction Rate Constants | |
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H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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CH[subscript 2]O/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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CH[subscript 3]OH/CH[subscript 2]O/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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CH[subscript 4]/CH[subscript 3]OH/CH[subscript 2]O/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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C[subscript 2]H[subscript 6]/CH[subscript 4]/CH[subscript 3]OH/CH[subscript 2]O/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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Selected reactions of a C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8] oxidation mechanism | |
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N[subscript x]O[subscript y]/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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HCl/N[subscript x]O[subscript y]/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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O[subscript 3]/N[subscript x]O[subscript y]/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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SO[subscript x]/N[subscript x]O[subscript y]/CO/H[subscript 2]/O[subscript 2] mechanism | |
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Bond Dissociation Energies of Hydrocarbons | |
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Bond dissociation energies of alkanes | |
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Bond dissociation energies of alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics | |
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Bond dissociation energies of C/H/O compounds | |
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Bond dissociation energies of sulfur-containing compounds | |
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Bond dissociation energies of nitrogen-containing compounds | |
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Bond dissociation energies of halocarbons | |
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Flammability Limits in Air | |
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Flammability limits of fuel gases and vapors in air at 25[degree]C and 1 atm | |
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Laminar Flame Speeds | |
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Burning velocities of various fuels at 25[degree]C air-fuel temperature (0.31 mol% H[subscript 2]O in air). Burning velocity S as a function of equivalence ratio [phi] in cm/s | |
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Burning velocities of various fuels at 100[degree]C air-fuel temperature (0.31 mol% H[subscript 2]O in air). Burning velocity S as a function of equivalence ratio [phi] in cm/s | |
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Burning velocities of various fuels in air as a function of pressure for an equivalence ratio of 1 in cm/s | |
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Spontaneous Ignition Temperature Data | |
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Spontaneous ignition temperature data | |
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Minimum Spark Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances | |
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Minimum spark ignition energy data for fuels in air at 1 atm pressure | |
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Programs for Combustion Kinetics | |
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Thermochemical parameters | |
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Kinetic parameters | |
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Transport parameters | |
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Reaction mechanisms | |
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Thermodynamic equilibrium | |
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Temporal kinetics (Static and flow reactors) | |
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Stirred reactors | |
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Shock tubes | |
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Premixed flames | |
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Diffusion flames | |
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Boundary layer flow | |
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Detonations | |
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Model analysis and mechanism reduction | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |