| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Contributors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forms of Energy | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Energy | |
| |
| |
| The Relationship between Wavelength and Frequency | |
| |
| |
| The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced? | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations | |
| |
| |
| Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Energy | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Energy | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Sound Energy | |
| |
| |
| Sound Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Energy | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Should the Athletic Trainer Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation? | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Understanding the Healing Process | |
| |
| |
| Inflammatory-Response Phase | |
| |
| |
| Fibroplastic-Repair Phase | |
| |
| |
| Maturation-Remodeling Phase | |
| |
| |
| Factors That Impede Healing | |
| |
| |
| How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used throughout the Rehabilitation Process? | |
| |
| |
| Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury | |
| |
| |
| Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase | |
| |
| |
| Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase | |
| |
| |
| Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase | |
| |
| |
| Other Considerations in Treating Injury | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Managing Pain with Therapeutic Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Pain | |
| |
| |
| Types of Pain | |
| |
| |
| Pain Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Pain Assessment Scales | |
| |
| |
| Goals in Pain Management | |
| |
| |
| Pain Perception | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Receptors | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Influences | |
| |
| |
| Neural Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Nociception | |
| |
| |
| Neurophysiological Explanations of Pain Control | |
| |
| |
| The Gate Control Theory of Pain | |
| |
| |
| Descending Pain Controls | |
| |
| |
| �-endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control | |
| |
| |
| Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Pain Management | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Heat Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Use of the Conductive Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Temperature Change on Performance | |
| |
| |
| Cryotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling | |
| |
| |
| Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Thermotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Effects of Tissue Healing | |
| |
| |
| Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Counterirritants | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Components of Electrical Currents | |
| |
| |
| Electrotherapeutic Currents | |
| |
| |
| Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents | |
| |
| |
| Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Waveform Shape | |
| |
| |
| Pulses versus Phases and Direction of Current Flow | |
| |
| |
| Current Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Series and Parallel Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Current Flow through Biologic Tissues | |
| |
| |
| Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Frequency | |
| |
| |
| Intensity | |
| |
| |
| Duration | |
| |
| |
| Polarity | |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current | |
| |
| |
| Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects | |
| |
| |
| Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents | |
| |
| |
| Muscular Responses to Electrical Current | |
| |
| |
| Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents | |
| |
| |
| High-Volt Currents | |
| |
| |
| Asymmetric Biphasic Currents (TENS) | |
| |
| |
| Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Current Generators) | |
| |
| |
| Interferential Currents | |
| |
| |
| Premodulated Interferential Current | |
| |
| |
| Low-Volt Currents | |
| |
| |
| Bone Growth Stimulators | |
| |
| |
| Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation | |
| |
| |
| Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iontophoresis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iontophoresis versus Phonophoresis | |
| |
| |
| Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis | |
| |
| |
| Movement of Ions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| Movement of Ions through Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Type of Current Required | |
| |
| |
| Iontophoresis Generators | |
| |
| |
| Current Intensity | |
| |
| |
| Treatment Duration | |
| |
| |
| Dosage of Medication | |
| |
| |
| Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Selecting the Appropriate Ion | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis | |
| |
| |
| Treatment Precautions and Contraindications | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Burns | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity Reactions to Ions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biofeedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electromyography and Biofeedback | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Biofeedback | |
| |
| |
| Biofeedback Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| Peripheral Skin Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Finger Phototransmission | |
| |
| |
| Skin Conductance Activity | |
| |
| |
| Electromyographic Biofeedback | |
| |
| |
| Motor Unit Recruitment | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Electrical Activity | |
| |
| |
| Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity | |
| |
| |
| Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information | |
| |
| |
| Processing the Electromyographic Signal | |
| |
| |
| Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Displaying the Information | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications for Biofeedback | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Reeducation | |
| |
| |
| Relaxation of Muscle Guarding | |
| |
| |
| Pain Reduction | |
| |
| |
| Treating Neurologic Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sound Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Therapeutic Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound as a Heating Modality | |
| |
| |
| Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues | |
| |
| |
| Transverse versus Longitudinal Waves | |
| |
| |
| Frequency of Wave Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Velocity | |
| |
| |
| Attenuation | |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of Therapeutic Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator | |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Effects | |
| |
| |
| Nonthermal Effects | |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Frequency of Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Duration of Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Coupling Methods | |
| |
| |
| Exposure Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| Soft-Tissue Healing and Repair | |
| |
| |
| Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture | |
| |
| |
| Stretching of Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Chronic Inflammation | |
| |
| |
| Bone Healing | |
| |
| |
| Pain Reduction | |
| |
| |
| Plantar Warts | |
| |
| |
| Placebo Effects | |
| |
| |
| Phonophoresis | |
| |
| |
| Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound and Hot Packs | |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound and Cold Packs | |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation | |
| |
| |
| Treatment Precautions | |
| |
| |
| Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low-Level Laser Therapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physics | |
| |
| |
| Types of Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Laser Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Lasing Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Dosage | |
| |
| |
| Depth of Penetration | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications for Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Wound Healing | |
| |
| |
| Pain | |
| |
| |
| Bone Response | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Treatment Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Pain | |
| |
| |
| Wound Healing | |
| |
| |
| Scar Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Edema and Inflammation | |
| |
| |
| Safety | |
| |
| |
| Precautions and Contraindications | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Responses to Diathermy | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Effects | |
| |
| |
| Nonthermal Effects | |
| |
| |
| Shortwave Diathermy Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy | |
| |
| |
| Treatment Time | |
| |
| |
| Microwave Diathermy | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications for Diathermy | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities | |
| |
| |
| Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Energy Modalities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intermittent Compression Devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lymphatic System | |
| |
| |
| Purposes of the Lymphatic System | |
| |
| |
| Structure of the Lymphatic System | |
| |
| |
| Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| Injury Edema | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Pitting Edema | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Lymphedema | |
| |
| |
| The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Edema | |
| |
| |
| Intermittent Compression Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Inflation Pressures | |
| |
| |
| On-Off Sequence | |
| |
| |
| Total Treatment Time | |
| |
| |
| Sequential Compression Pumps | |
| |
| |
| Patient Setup and Instructions | |
| |
| |
| Cold and Compression Combination | |
| |
| |
| Indications and Contraindications for Use | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spinal Traction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Physical Effects of Traction | |
| |
| |
| Effects on Spinal Movement | |
| |
| |
| Effects on Bone | |
| |
| |
| Effects on Ligaments | |
| |
| |
| Effects on the Disk | |
| |
| |
| Effects on Articular Facet Joints | |
| |
| |
| Effects on the Muscular System | |
| |
| |
| Effects on the Nerves | |
| |
| |
| Effects on the Entire Body Part | |
| |
| |
| Traction Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Lumbar Positional Traction | |
| |
| |
| Inversion Traction | |
| |
| |
| Manual Lumbar Traction | |
| |
| |
| Level-Specific Manual Traction | |
| |
| |
| Unilateral Leg Pull Manual Traction | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Lumbar Traction | |
| |
| |
| Patient Setup and Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Body Position | |
| |
| |
| Traction Force | |
| |
| |
| Intermittent versus Sustained Traction | |
| |
| |
| Duration of Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Progressive and Regressive Steps | |
| |
| |
| Manual Cervical Traction | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Cervical Traction | |
| |
| |
| Indications and Contraindications | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Therapeutic Sports Massage | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Massage as a Treatment Modality | |
| |
| |
| Physiologic Effects of Massage | |
| |
| |
| Reflexive Effects | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Effects | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Effects of Massage | |
| |
| |
| Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Preparation of the Patient | |
| |
| |
| Massage Treatment Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Hoffa Massage | |
| |
| |
| Friction Massage | |
| |
| |
| Transverse Friction Massage | |
| |
| |
| Connective Tissue Massage | |
| |
| |
| Trigger Point Massage | |
| |
| |
| Strain-Counterstrain | |
| |
| |
| Positional Release Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Active Release Technique | |
| |
| |
| Myofascial Release | |
| |
| |
| Graston Technique� | |
| |
| |
| Rolfing | |
| |
| |
| Trager | |
| |
| |
| Indications and Contraindications for Massage | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Appendixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Location of the Motor Points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units of Measure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Answers to Self-Quizzes | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |