| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Psychology? | |
| |
| |
| Defining Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Psychological Frame of Mind | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Are Young Americans in the Middle of a Narcissism Epidemic? | |
| |
| |
| Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Psychology in Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Wundt’s Structuralism and James’s Functionalism | |
| |
| |
| Darwin’s Natural Selection | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Explore Evolution from Giraffes to Human Beings | |
| |
| |
| Contemporary Approaches to Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Biological Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Behavioral Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Psychodynamic Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Humanistic Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Cognitive Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Evolutionary Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Sociocultural Approach | |
| |
| |
| Summing Up the Seven Contemporary Approaches | |
| |
| |
| What Psychologists Do | |
| |
| |
| Careers in Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Areas of Specialization | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Is Success Always Sweeter Than Failure? | |
| |
| |
| The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| How the Mind Impacts the Body | |
| |
| |
| How the Body Impacts the Mind | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychology’s Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| Psychology’s Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Observing Some Phenomenon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing Through Empirical Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drawing Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Theory | |
| |
| |
| Types of Psychological Research | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Research | |
| |
| |
| Correlational Research | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Miserable but Helpful? | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Research | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Is High Self-Esteem Such a Good Thing? | |
| |
| |
| Applications of the Three Types of Research | |
| |
| |
| Research Samples and Settings | |
| |
| |
| The Research Sample | |
| |
| |
| The Research Setting | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Experimentation in a Natural Setting | |
| |
| |
| Analyzing and Interpreting Data | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Inferential Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Conducting Ethical Research | |
| |
| |
| Ethics Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| The Place of Values in Psychological Research | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Would Reality TV Pass the Institutional Review Board? | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically About Psychological Research | |
| |
| |
| Avoid Overgeneralizing Based on Little Information | |
| |
| |
| Distinguish Between Group Results and Individual Needs | |
| |
| |
| Look for Answers Beyond a Single Study | |
| |
| |
| Avoid Attributing Causes When None Have Been Found | |
| |
| |
| Consider the Source of Psychological Information | |
| |
| |
| The Scientific Method and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Foundations of Behavior | |
| |
| |
| The Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Pathways in the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Divisions of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Neurons | |
| |
| |
| Specialized Cell Structure | |
| |
| |
| The Neural Impulse | |
| |
| |
| Synapses and Neurotransmitters | |
| |
| |
| Neural Networks | |
| |
| |
| Structures of the Brain and Their Functions | |
| |
| |
| How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| How the Brain Is Organized | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry The Brain in Different Species | |
| |
| |
| The Cerebral Cortex | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Are Human Brains Uniquely Wired to Recognize Faces? | |
| |
| |
| The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Emotion and Neuroscience: Is Your Brain Happy? | |
| |
| |
| Integration of Function in the Brain | |
| |
| |
| The Endocrine System | |
| |
| |
| Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair | |
| |
| |
| The Brain’s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair | |
| |
| |
| Brain Tissue Implants | |
| |
| |
| Genetics and Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA | |
| |
| |
| The Study of Genetics | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry The Jim Twins | |
| |
| |
| Genes and the Environment | |
| |
| |
| Psychology’s Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensation and Perception | |
| |
| |
| How We Sense and Perceive the World | |
| |
| |
| The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Old Woman or Young Woman? | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Receptors and the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Thresholds | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Subliminal Perception: Working Up a Thirst | |
| |
| |
| Signal Detection Theory | |
| |
| |
| Perceiving Sensory Stimuli | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Perception and Social Psychology: Was That a Gun or Car Keys? | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| Extrasensory Perception | |
| |
| |
| The Visual System | |
| |
| |
| The Visual Stimulus and the Eye | |
| |
| |
| Visual Processing in the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Color Vision | |
| |
| |
| Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy | |
| |
| |
| The Auditory System | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It | |
| |
| |
| Structures and Functions of the Ear | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Are Cochlear Implants a “Cure” for Deafness? | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Hearing | |
| |
| |
| Auditory Processing in the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Localizing Sound | |
| |
| |
| Other Senses | |
| |
| |
| The Skin Senses | |
| |
| |
| The Chemical Senses | |
| |
| |
| The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses | |
| |
| |
| Sensation, Perception, and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| States of Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| Defining Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| Consciousness and the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Awareness | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Consciousness and Developmental Psychology: How Do We Develop a Sense of the Minds of Others? | |
| |
| |
| Sleep and Dreams | |
| |
| |
| Biological Rhythms and Sleep | |
| |
| |
| Why Do We Need Sleep? | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Taking a Ride on the Sleep Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Sleep and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Sleep Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Dreams | |
| |
| |
| Psychoactive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Drug Use by American Teenagers | |
| |
| |
| Uses of Psychoactive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Types of Psychoactive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Should Illicit Psychoactive Drugs Be Legalized for Medical Use? | |
| |
| |
| Hypnosis | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Hypnosis | |
| |
| |
| Explaining Hypnosis | |
| |
| |
| Uses of Hypnosis | |
| |
| |
| Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation | |
| |
| |
| Mindfulness Meditation | |
| |
| |
| The Meditative State of Mind | |
| |
| |
| Getting Started with Meditation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Learning | |
| |
| |
| Types of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Classical Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Pavlov’s Studies | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry From Acquisition to Extinction (to Spontaneous Recovery) | |
| |
| |
| Classical Conditioning in Humans | |
| |
| |
| Operant Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Defining Operant Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Thorndike’s Law of Effect | |
| |
| |
| Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Shaping | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Behaviorism and Cognitive Neuroscience: If It Feels Good, Is It Rewarding? | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Reinforcement | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Schedules of Reinforcement and Different Patterns of Responding | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Will Sparing the Rod Spoil the Child? | |
| |
| |
| Applied Behavior Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Observational Learning | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Factors in Learning | |
| |
| |
| Purposive Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Insight Learning | |
| |
| |
| Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning | |
| |
| |
| Biological Constraints | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Influences | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Constraints | |
| |
| |
| Learning and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| What Can a Rat Tell Us About Stress? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memory | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Memory | |
| |
| |
| Memory Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Attention | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Processing | |
| |
| |
| Elaboration | |
| |
| |
| Imagery | |
| |
| |
| Memory Storage | |
| |
| |
| Sensory Memory | |
| |
| |
| Short-Term Memory | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry The Inner Workings of Working Memory | |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Memory | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Memory and Sensation: Why Does Smell Share a Special Relationship with Memory? | |
| |
| |
| Memory Retrieval | |
| |
| |
| Serial Position Effect | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Don’t Mess with Mr. In-Between | |
| |
| |
| Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task | |
| |
| |
| Special Cases of Retrieval | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Memories: Recovered, Discovered, or False? | |
| |
| |
| Forgetting | |
| |
| |
| Encoding Failure | |
| |
| |
| Retrieval Failure | |
| |
| |
| Study Tips from the Science of Memory Memory and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Keeping Memory Sharp | |
| |
| |
| Memory and Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thinking, Intelligence, and Language | |
| |
| |
| The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Thinking Outside the Box | |
| |
| |
| Reasoning and Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically and Creatively | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Emotion and Cognition: How Are You Feeling and Thinking Today? | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry The Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
| Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Extremes of Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Multiple Intelligences | |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| The Basic Properties of Language | |
| |
| |
| Language and Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Does Gender Influence Language? | |
| |
| |
| Biological and Environmental Influences on Language | |
| |
| |
| Language Development over the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| Thinking, Problem Solving, and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Appraisal and Stress | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Reappraisal | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Development | |
| |
| |
| Exploring Human Development | |
| |
| |
| Research Methods in Developmental Psychology | |
| |
| |
| How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development? | |
| |
| |
| Critical Controversy Genes or Superparents: Which Matters More to Kids? | |
| |
| |
| What Is the Developer’s Role in Development? | |
| |
| |
| Are Early or Later Life Experiences More Important in Development? | |
| |
| |
| Child Development | |
| |
| |
| Prenatal Development | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development in Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development in Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Thinking Critically About Object Permanence | |
| |
| |
| Socioemotional Development in Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Intersection Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology: Is “Girl Talk” Always a Good Thing? | |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Socioemotional Development in Adolescence: The Emergence of Identity | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Inquiry Looking at Identity Exploration | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development in Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development in Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Socioemotional Development in Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Human Development and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Coping and Adult Development | |
| |
| |
| Life Themes and Life-Span Development | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivation and Emotion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theories of Motivation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beyond Hunger: Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivation, Emotion, and Health and Wellness: The Pursuit of Happiness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining Sex and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Sex and Its Biological Components | |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Genes | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Sexual Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theories of Gender Development | |
| |
| |
| Biological Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Psychology Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Social Cognitive Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Social Role Theory | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Theoretical Approaches to Gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Psychology of Gender Differences | |
| |
| |
| Infant Sex Differences | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Differences | |
| |
| |
| Gender Differences in Aggression | |
| |
| |
| Gender Differences in Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Evidence for Gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sexual Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Defining Sexual Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Sexual Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Occurrence of the Different Sexual Orientations | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific Puzzle | |
| |
| |
| Gay and Lesbian Functioning | |
| |
| |
| Individual Adjustment and Well-Being | |
| |
| |
| Relationship Functioning | |
| |
| |
| Gay and Lesbian Families | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sexual Behaviors, Practices, and Attitudes | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Behaviors | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Practices | |
| |
| |
| The Human Sexual Response Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive and Other Factors in Sexual Behavior and Attitudes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender and Sexual Variations and Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Transgender: A Variation of Gender Identity | |
| |
| |
| Variations in Sexual Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Variations, Disorders, and the Meaning of Normality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Behavior and Physical Health | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Behavior and Psychological Well-Being | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychodynamic Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humanistic Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trait Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personological and Life Story Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Cognitive Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality Assessment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Cognition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Influence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intergroup Relations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Close Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Psychology and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Industrial and Organizational Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Origins of I/O Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Industrial Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizational Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizational Culture | |
| |
| |
| |
| I/O Psychology and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anxiety Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dissociative Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Therapies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Therapies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Therapies and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Positive Life Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resources for Effective Life Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrating Psychology and Health and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Apply Your Knowledge | |