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| Abbreviations and Conventions | |
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| Biographical Sketches | |
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| Timelines | |
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| Maps | |
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| Figures and Color Illustrations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Early Middle Ages: The Birth of Europe | |
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| Rome Becomes Christian | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Roman Peace (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) | |
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| The Third and Fourth Centuries (180 C.E.-395 C.E.) | |
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| Christianity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Waning of the Western Empire | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Decline of the Western Empire | |
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| The Barbarians and the Western Empire | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Byzantium Endures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Byzantine Government | |
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| Byzantine Christianity | |
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| Byzantine Culture | |
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| The Byzantine Centuries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Early Western Christendom | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Medieval Society | |
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| Early Medieval Politics | |
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| The Early Medieval Church | |
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| Intellectual Life | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Ascent of Islam | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Arabia and Muhammad (c. 571-632) | |
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| The Islamic Empire | |
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| Fragmentation and New Dynasties (950-1453) | |
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| Islam, Byzantium, and the Medieval West | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Carolingian Europe | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Early Carolingians | |
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| Charlemagne (r. 768-814) | |
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| Intellectual Revival | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Division, Invasion, and Reorganization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Division: The Later Carolingians | |
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| Invasion: Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings | |
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| Reorganization: New Polities | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Central Middle Ages: Reform, Revival, and Expansion | |
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| Economic Takeoff and Social Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Agricultural Revolution | |
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| Village, Manor, and Parish | |
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| Rural Society | |
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| The Commercial Revolution | |
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| Urban Society | |
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| The Landholding Aristocracy | |
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| Feudal Society | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| New Paths to God | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Evolution of Piety | |
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| Orthodoxy and Heresy | |
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| Changes in Monastic Life | |
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| The Papacy and Its Church | |
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| The Mendicant Orders | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Conquests, Crusades, and Persecutions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conquests and Territorial Expansion | |
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| Crusades | |
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| Persecutions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Worlds in Collision: Papacy and Holy Roman Empire | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Papacy and Empire during the Investiture Controversy (1075-1125) | |
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| The Battle for the Italian Peninsula (1125-1250) | |
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| Papacy and Empire in Decline (1250-1300) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| States in the Making: England and France | |
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| Introduction | |
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| England: King and Parliament | |
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| France: The Monarchy Triumphant | |
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| Iberian and German States: Some Consolidation | |
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| The States of Northern and Eastern Europe | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Literature, Art, and Thought | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Literature | |
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| Architecture and Sculpture | |
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| Intellectual Trends | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Creativity | |
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| Famine, Plague, and Recovery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Economic Woes and Demographic Crisis (1300-1350) | |
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| Adjustment and Recovery (1350-1500) | |
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| Late Medieval Christianity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Toward the Sovereign State | |
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| Introduction | |
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| England, France, and the Hundred Years' War | |
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| England: Parliament, Civil War, and Tudor Monarchy | |
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| France: Constitutional Crisis, War, and the Spider King | |
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| The Iberian States: Consolidation through Homogenization | |
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| New Powers on the European Periphery | |
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| The Heritage of the Holy Roman Empire | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Diversity and Dynamism in Late Medieval Culture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Literacy and Vernacular Languages | |
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| Humanist Education | |
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| Literature | |
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| Art and Architecture | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| Political Thought | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Some Popes and Monarchs of Medieval Europe | |
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| Popes | |
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| The Early Carolingians | |
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| Kings of West Francia and France | |
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| Kings of East Francia and Emperors of the German States | |
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| Kings of England | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |