| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Fiber Optics and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
| |
B-ISDN, ATM, and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
Power on the Desktop | |
| |
| |
Client/Server Computing | |
| |
| |
Multimedia | |
| |
| |
Broadband Networks | |
| |
| |
Bandwidth and Delay | |
| |
| |
Creating Broadband Networks | |
| |
| |
B-ISDN | |
| |
| |
Network Connections | |
| |
| |
B-ISDN Splinters | |
| |
| |
SONET as Private-Line Service | |
| |
| |
| |
A Fiber Optic Tutorial | |
| |
| |
Fiber Optic Transmission | |
| |
| |
Fiber Optic Cable Types | |
| |
| |
Multimode Step-Index Fibers | |
| |
| |
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber | |
| |
| |
Single-Mode Step-Index Fibers | |
| |
| |
Fiber Optic Advantages | |
| |
| |
Bit Error Time Intervals | |
| |
| |
Typical Media Bandwidths | |
| |
| |
Long Distances | |
| |
| |
Immunity from Interference | |
| |
| |
Security | |
| |
| |
Less Maintenance Costs | |
| |
| |
Small Size and Weight | |
| |
| |
Bandwidth Upgrades | |
| |
| |
| |
Optical Networking, WDM, and DWDM | |
| |
| |
Optical Network Breakthroughs | |
| |
| |
Special Fibers | |
| |
| |
Light in Glass | |
| |
| |
Fiber as Glass | |
| |
| |
The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) | |
| |
| |
The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm | |
| |
| |
In-Fiber Bragg Grating | |
| |
| |
WDM | |
| |
| |
WDM and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
DWDM | |
| |
| |
DWDM Impairments | |
| |
| |
Modal Effects | |
| |
| |
Scattering Effects | |
| |
| |
Miscellaneous Effects | |
| |
| |
The ITU DWDM Grid | |
| |
| |
| |
The Digital Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
Analog and Digital | |
| |
| |
The Digitization of Voice | |
| |
| |
T-Carrier | |
| |
| |
Other Digital Carrier Schemes | |
| |
| |
Digital Hierarchies | |
| |
| |
Proprietary T-3 and Above | |
| |
| |
T-Carrier and Private Networks | |
| |
| |
Linking LANs with Private Lines | |
| |
| |
T-Carrier and Network Applications | |
| |
| |
The Trouble with T-Carrier | |
| |
| |
The Mid-Span Meet and Missing Pieces | |
| |
| |
The Need for Operational Procedures | |
| |
| |
Byte and Bit Interleaved Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
DS-1 to DS-3 Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
Problems with M13 Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
What a Concept! | |
| |
| |
Importance of SONET | |
| |
| |
| |
How SONET/SDH Works | |
| |
| |
| |
The Evolution of SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
Meet the Players | |
| |
| |
American National Standards Institute | |
| |
| |
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards | |
| |
| |
Telcordia (Bellcore) | |
| |
| |
Electronic Industries Association | |
| |
| |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | |
| |
| |
International Telecommunication Union | |
| |
| |
SONET Interoperability Forum | |
| |
| |
Forging Standards | |
| |
| |
SYNTRAN | |
| |
| |
Quest for the Mid-Span Meet | |
| |
| |
SONET and SDH | |
| |
| |
SONET Standards: Three Phases | |
| |
| |
Phase I | |
| |
| |
Phase II | |
| |
| |
Phase III | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Architecture and Frame Structures | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Speeds | |
| |
| |
STS/OC Distinction | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Architecture Layers | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Overhead Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
SONET Layers in Detail | |
| |
| |
SONET Frame Structures | |
| |
| |
STS-1 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
SONET Frames Beyond STS-1 | |
| |
| |
The STS-3 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STS-12 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STS-48 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STS-192 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STS-768 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
SDH Architectural Layers | |
| |
| |
SDH Frame Structures | |
| |
| |
STM-0 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
SDH Frames Beyond STM-0 | |
| |
| |
The STM-1 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STM-4 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STM-16 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STM-64 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
The STM-256 Frame Structure | |
| |
| |
Concatenated SONET/SDH Frames | |
| |
| |
STS-3 SPEs | |
| |
| |
STS-3c (OC-3c) SPE | |
| |
| |
Containers and Tributaries: Lower Rate Payloads | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Overhead | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Overhead | |
| |
| |
Section/Regenerator Section Overhead | |
| |
| |
Line/Multiplex Section Overhead | |
| |
| |
Path/Higher Order Path Overhead | |
| |
| |
Virtual Tributary and Virtual Container Overhead | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Payloads | |
| |
| |
Voice and SONET/SDH Payloads | |
| |
| |
SONET Virtual Tributaries | |
| |
| |
SDH Tributary Units | |
| |
| |
The SDH Tributary Unit | |
| |
| |
Other SONET/SDH Mappings | |
| |
| |
Asynchronous DS-3 | |
| |
| |
ATM Cells | |
| |
| |
Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) | |
| |
| |
HDLC or PPP? | |
| |
| |
The POS SPE | |
| |
| |
Virtual Concatenation in SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
Higher Order Virtual Concatenation with H4 | |
| |
| |
Lower Order Virtual Concatenation with K4(Z7) Bit 2 | |
| |
| |
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Synchronization and Timing | |
| |
| |
Network Synchronization | |
| |
| |
Stratum Clocks | |
| |
| |
Plesiochronous Clocking | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Synchronous Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
Synchronizing a SONET/SDH Network | |
| |
| |
Benefits of SONET/SDH Timing | |
| |
| |
Why SONET/SDH Needs Pointers | |
| |
| |
SONET Pointer Justification | |
| |
| |
SONET Pointer Values | |
| |
| |
SONET STS-3c Pointer Justification | |
| |
| |
SDH Pointers and Jitter | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Network Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Networks | |
| |
| |
Pre-SONET Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
SONET Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH in Action | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH as Trunking | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Links in Summary | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH and the Power Budget | |
| |
| |
Decibels and the Power Budget | |
| |
| |
Power Budget Calculations | |
| |
| |
Computing the Optical Power Budget | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH and ATM | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Components | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Rings | |
| |
| |
Rings in Action | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Equipment | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Networks | |
| |
| |
The Distribution Network | |
| |
| |
The Feeder Network | |
| |
| |
The Local Backbone | |
| |
| |
The Long-Haul Backbone | |
| |
| |
SONET Components | |
| |
| |
SONET Network Element Functioning | |
| |
| |
Terminal Multiplexers | |
| |
| |
Add/Drop Multiplexers | |
| |
| |
SONET Digital Loop Carrier | |
| |
| |
SONET Digital Cross-Connect Systems | |
| |
| |
SONET Matched Nodes | |
| |
| |
SONET Drop-and-Repeat | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Equipment Providers | |
| |
| |
The Big Six | |
| |
| |
Product Overview | |
| |
| |
The Product Sampler | |
| |
| |
Alcatel Network Systems | |
| |
| |
Alcatel 1631 LMC Wideband Digital Cross-Connect | |
| |
| |
Alcatel 1677 SONET Link | |
| |
| |
Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems | |
| |
| |
Fujitsu FLASH-192 | |
| |
| |
Fujitsu FLM 2400 ADM | |
| |
| |
Lucent Technologies | |
| |
| |
Lucent DDM-2000 OC-3/OC-12/OC-48 ADM | |
| |
| |
Lucent SLC-2000 Access System DLC | |
| |
| |
NEC Optical | |
| |
| |
NEC Vista | |
| |
| |
NEC SMS-2500A | |
| |
| |
Nortel Networks | |
| |
| |
Nortel Networks TransportNode (TN) SDH Family | |
| |
| |
Nortel Networks S/DMS TransportNode OC-192 | |
| |
| |
Tellabs | |
| |
| |
Tellabs 5500 DCS | |
| |
| |
Tellabs FOCUS LX | |
| |
| |
Sample Product Configurations | |
| |
| |
Alcatel Network Systems | |
| |
| |
Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems | |
| |
| |
Lucent Technologies | |
| |
| |
NEC Transmission | |
| |
| |
Nortel Networks | |
| |
| |
Tellabs | |
| |
| |
DWDM Equipment Providers | |
| |
| |
Routers and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
Cisco Systems | |
| |
| |
Juniper Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Advantages | |
| |
| |
| |
Customer and Carrier Advantages | |
| |
| |
Key Benefits of SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
SONET Multipoint Grooming | |
| |
| |
Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
Reduction of Cabling and DSX Panels | |
| |
| |
Enhanced OAM&P | |
| |
| |
OAM&P in T-Carrier Networks | |
| |
| |
OAM&P in SONET | |
| |
| |
Integrated Operations and Monitoring | |
| |
| |
New Service Offerings | |
| |
| |
Optical Interconnect: "Mid-Span Meet" | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH OAM&P | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Overhead Revisited | |
| |
| |
What Could Go Wrong? | |
| |
| |
OAM&P Signals and Layers | |
| |
| |
Users and OAM&P Operations | |
| |
| |
Timing Problems | |
| |
| |
SONET and T-Carrier Network Management | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Network Management | |
| |
| |
OSI and SNMP Network Management Layers | |
| |
| |
OSI Network Management | |
| |
| |
SNMP Network Management | |
| |
| |
Standard Objects and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
OAM&P, the ITU, and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
Telecommunications Management Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Management Information: 1/7/24 | |
| |
| |
TMN Issues | |
| |
| |
IP and the SONET/SDH DCCs | |
| |
| |
Transaction Language 1 | |
| |
| |
TL1 Messages | |
| |
| |
SONET and TL1 Messages | |
| |
| |
TL1 Messages and Memory Administration | |
| |
| |
Provisioning SONET NEs with TL1 | |
| |
| |
Payload Mappings and Cross-Connections | |
| |
| |
TL1 and System Backup | |
| |
| |
TL1 Network Maintenance and Alarms | |
| |
| |
Monitoring Performance | |
| |
| |
TL1 and Testing Process | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Protection and Rings | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Rings and Fiber Failures | |
| |
| |
Non-Ring Automatic Protection Switching | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Ring Basics | |
| |
| |
SONET Rings | |
| |
| |
Unidirectional and Bidirectional | |
| |
| |
Line Switching and Path Switching | |
| |
| |
Two-Fiber and Four-Fiber | |
| |
| |
Ring Applications | |
| |
| |
Real-World SONET Rings | |
| |
| |
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring Protection | |
| |
| |
Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings Protection | |
| |
| |
Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings | |
| |
| |
Two-Fiber BLSR Protection | |
| |
| |
Four-Fiber BLSR Protection | |
| |
| |
Rings of Rings | |
| |
| |
Ring Automatic Protection Switching | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Linear Protection | |
| |
| |
SDH Protection and Rings | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Rings and Delay | |
| |
| |
More Ring Issues | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Rings and Timing | |
| |
| |
The Synchronization Status Message and SONET Rings | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Service Deployment | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Deployment | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM, and Fiber | |
| |
| |
The Function of SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
T-Carrier Trunking Network | |
| |
| |
T-Carrier Access Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Trunking Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Regional Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Long-Haul Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Access Network | |
| |
| |
SONET Access Arrangements | |
| |
| |
Private SONET/SDH Rings | |
| |
| |
Running SONET/SDH Fiber | |
| |
| |
"Railblazers" | |
| |
| |
The AT&T Fleet | |
| |
| |
Plowing Cable | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Services | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Applications: ATM | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Applications: LAN Interconnection | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Applications: Video and Graphics | |
| |
| |
Cinema of the Future | |
| |
| |
Cable TV Distribution | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Service Architectures | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Integrated Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Futures and Issues | |
| |
| |
Optical Networking and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
The Optical ADM | |
| |
| |
Changing Fibers in the Middle of the Stream | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
Summing Up | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH, IP, and Gigabit Ethernet | |
| |
| |
Why Not IP Direct-to-Fiber? | |
| |
| |
How Many Layers Between IP and the Fiber? | |
| |
| |
Can the Routers Keep Up? | |
| |
| |
The Cost Issue | |
| |
| |
Sunset for SONET/SDH? | |
| |
| |
Miscellaneous SONET/SDH Issues | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Electrical Testing | |
| |
| |
Bit Error Rates and SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
SONET/SDH Timing Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
Acronym and Abbreviation List | |
| |
| |
| |
Sonet Quick Reference | |
| |
| |
| |
SDH Quick Reference | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Index | |