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Preface | |
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Basic Terms and Concepts | |
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Sources, Light Rays, and Pencils | |
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Vergence | |
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Refraction and Snell's Law | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Refraction at Spherical Surfaces | |
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Converging and Diverging Spherical Surfaces | |
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A Word on Sign Conventions | |
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Primary and Secondary Focal Points | |
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A Very Handy Formula | |
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Image Formation by Spherical Surfaces | |
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Real Images | |
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Virtual Images | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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The Vergence Relationship | |
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More on Vergence | |
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Linear Sign Convention | |
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Vergence Relationship | |
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Sample Problems | |
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Sample Problem 1: Converging Surface | |
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Sample Problem 2: Diverging Surface | |
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Sample Problem 3: Locating the Object | |
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Sample Problem 4: A Flat (Plane) Refracting Surface | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Thin Lenses | |
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Ray Tracing | |
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Vergence Relationship | |
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Newton's Relation | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces | |
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Multiple Thin Lens Systems | |
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Virtual Objects | |
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Thick Lenses | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Thick Lenses | |
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Definitions | |
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Back and Front Vertex Power | |
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Equivalent Lenses | |
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Equivalent Power | |
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Locating the Principal Planes | |
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Sample Problem | |
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Nodal Points | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Ametropia | |
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Myopia | |
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Hyperopia | |
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Lens Effectivity | |
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Correction of Ametropia with Laser and Surgical Procedures | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Accommodation | |
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Vergence Relationship for Accommodation | |
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Accommodation in Ametropia | |
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Near Point of Accommodation | |
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Accommodation when Ametropia is Corrected with Spectacles | |
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Correction of Presbyopia | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism | |
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Lens Crosses | |
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Lens Formulae/Prescriptions | |
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Image Formation: Point Sources | |
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Image Formation: Extended Sources | |
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Power in an Oblique Meridian of a Cylindrical Lens | |
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Astigmatism: Definitions and Classifications | |
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Jackson Crossed-Cylinder Test | |
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Spherical Equivalency | |
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What Does a Person with Astigmatism See? | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Prisms | |
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Thick and Thin Prisms | |
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Prism Diopters | |
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Prismatic Effects of Lenses | |
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Clinical Applications | |
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Summary | |
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Reference | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Depth of Field | |
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Blur Circles, Visual Acuity, and Pinholes | |
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Diffraction Caused by Apertures | |
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Depth of Field and Depth of Focus | |
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Hyperfocal Distance | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Magnification and Low Vision Devices | |
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Angular Magnification Produced by Plus Lenses | |
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Use of Plus Lenses for Low Vision | |
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Magnifying Lens and Bifocal Add in Combination | |
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Fixed-Focus Stand Magnifiers | |
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Effective Magnification | |
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Electronic Magnifiers for Near | |
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Telescopes | |
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Galilean Telescopes | |
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Keplerian Telescopes | |
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An Alternative Formula to Determine a Telescope's Angular Magnification | |
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A Convenient Clinical Method to Determine a Telescope's Angular Magnification | |
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Telescope Use in Ametropia | |
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Telemicroscopes | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Retinal Image Size | |
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Spectacle Magnification | |
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Retinal Image Size in Uncorrected Ametropia | |
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Retinal Image Size in Corrected Ametropia | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Reflection | |
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Ray Tracing: Concave, Convex, and Plane Mirrors | |
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Concave Mirrors | |
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Convex Mirrors | |
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Plane Mirrors | |
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Power of Mirrors | |
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The Vergence Relationship | |
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Reflections and Antireflection Coatings | |
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Purkinje Images | |
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Corneal Topography | |
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Summary | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Aberrations | |
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The Paraxial Assumption and Seidel Aberrations | |
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Longitudinal Spherical Aberration | |
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Coma | |
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Oblique Astigmatism | |
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Curvature of Field | |
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Distortion | |
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Wavefront Sensing and Adaptive Optics | |
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Measurement of the Eye's Monochromatic Aberrations | |
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Supernormal Vision | |
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Imaging the Fundus | |
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Chromatic Aberration | |
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Dispersive Power and Constringence | |
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Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration | |
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Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration | |
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Chromatic Aberration in the Human Eye | |
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The Red-Green Refraction Technique | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Answers to Self-Assessment Problems | |
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Basic Terms and Concepts | |
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Refraction at Spherical Surfaces | |
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The Vergence Relationship | |
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Thin Lenses | |
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Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces | |
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Thick Lenses | |
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Ametropia | |
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Accommodation | |
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Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism | |
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Prisms | |
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Depth of Field | |
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Magnification and Low Vision Devices | |
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Retinal Image Size | |
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Reflection | |
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Aberrations | |
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Entrance and Exit Pupils of Telescopes | |
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Location of Purkinje Image III | |
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Fluid Lenses | |
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Javal's Rule | |
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Derivation of the Paraxial Relationship | |
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Correction of Chromatic Aberration | |
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Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration | |
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Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration | |
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Practice Examinations | |
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Practice Examination 1 | |
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Practice Examination 2 | |
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Answers to Practice Examinations | |
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Practice Examination 1 | |
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Practice Examination 2 | |
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Index | |