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| Preface | |
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| Measuring, Recording and Monitoring Instruments | |
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| Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Physiological Systems of the Body | |
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| Sources of Biomedical Signals | |
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| Basic Medical Instrumentation System | |
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| Performance Requirements of Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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| Intelligent Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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| General Constraints in Design of Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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| Regulation of Medical Devices | |
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| Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes | |
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| Origin of Bioelectric Signals | |
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| Recording Electrodes | |
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| Silver-silver Chloride Electrodes | |
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| Electrodes for ECG | |
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| Electrodes for EEG | |
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| Electrodes for EMG | |
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| Electrical Conductivity of Electrode Jellies and Creams | |
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| Microelectrodes | |
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| Physiological Transducers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification of Transducers | |
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| Performance Characteristics of Transducers | |
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| Displacement, Position and Motion Transducers | |
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| Pressure Transducers | |
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| Transducers for Body Temperature Measurement | |
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| Photoelectric Transducers | |
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| Optical Fibre Sensors | |
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| Biosensors | |
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| Smart Sensors | |
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| Recording Systems | |
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| Basic Recording System | |
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| General Considerations for Signal Conditioners | |
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| Preamplifiers | |
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| Sources of Noise in Low Level Measurements | |
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| Biomedical Signal Analysis Techniques | |
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| Signal Processing Techniques | |
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| The Main Amplifier and Driver Stage | |
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| Writing Systems | |
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| Direct Writing Recorders | |
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| The Ink Jet Recorder | |
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| Potentiometric Recorder | |
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| Digital Recorders | |
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| Instrumentation Tape Recorders | |
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| Biomedical Recorders | |
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| Electrocardiograph | |
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| Vectorcardiograph (VCG) | |
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| Phonocardiograph (PCG) | |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | |
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| Electromyograph (EMG) | |
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| Other Biomedical Recorders | |
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| Biofeedback Instrumentation | |
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| Patient Monitoring Systems | |
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| System Concepts | |
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| Cardiac Monitor | |
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| Bedside Patient Monitoring Systems | |
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| Central Monitors | |
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| Measurement of Heart Rate | |
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| Measurement of Pulse Rate | |
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| Blood Pressure Measurement | |
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| Measurement of Temperature | |
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| Measurement of Respiration Rate | |
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| Catheterization Laboratory Instrumentation | |
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| Arrhythmia and Ambulatory Monitoring Instruments | |
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| Cardiac Arrhythmias | |
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| Arrhythmia Monitor | |
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| QRS Detection Techniques | |
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| Exercise Stress Testing | |
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| Ambulatory Monitoring Instruments | |
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| Foetal Monitoring Instruments | |
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| Cardiotocograph | |
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| Methods of Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate | |
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| Monitoring Labour Activity | |
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| Recording System | |
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| Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine | |
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| Wireless Telemetry | |
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| Single Channel Telemetry Systems | |
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| Multi-channel Wireless Telemetry Systems | |
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| Multi-patient Telemetry | |
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| Implantable Telemetry Systems | |
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| Transmission of Analog Physiological Signals Over Telephone | |
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| Telemedicine | |
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| Oximeters | |
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| Oximetry | |
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| Ear Oximeter | |
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| Pulse Oximeter | |
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| Skin Reflectance Oximeters | |
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| Intravascular Oximeter | |
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| Blood Flowmeters | |
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| Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter | |
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| Types of Electromagnetic Flowmeters | |
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| Ultrasonic Blood Flowmeters | |
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| NMR Blood Flowmeter | |
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| Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter | |
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| Cardiac Output Measurement | |
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| Indicator Dilution Method | |
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| Dye Dilution Method | |
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| Thermal Dilution Techniques | |
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| Measurement of Continuous Cardiac Output Derived from the Aortic Pressure Waveform | |
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| Impedance Technique | |
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| Ultrasound Method | |
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| Pulmonary Function Analysers | |
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| Pulmonary Function Measurements | |
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| Spirometry | |
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| Pneumotachometers | |
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| Measurement of Volume | |
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| Pulmonary Function Analyzers | |
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| Respiratory Gas Analyzers | |
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| Clinical Laboratory Instruments | |
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| Medical Diagnosis with Chemical Tests | |
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| Spectrophotometry | |
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| Spectrophotometer Type Instruments | |
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| Colorimeters | |
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| Spectrophotometers | |
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| Automated Biochemical Analysis Systems | |
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| Clinical Flame Photometers | |
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| Selective-ion Electrodes Based Electrolytes Analyzer | |
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| Blood Gas Analyzers | |
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| Acid-base Balance | |
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| Blood pH Measurement | |
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| Measurement of Blood PCO[subscript 2] | |
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| Blood pO[subscript 2] Measurement | |
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| Intra-arterial Blood Gas Monitoring | |
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| A Complete Blood Gas Analyzer | |
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| Blood Cell Counters | |
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| Types of Blood Cells | |
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| Methods of Cell Counting | |
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| Coulter Counters | |
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| Automatic Recognition and Differential Counting of Cells | |
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| Audiometers and Hearing Aids | |
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| Mechanism of Hearing | |
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| Measurement of Sound | |
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| Basic Audiometer | |
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| Pure Tone Audiometer | |
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| Speech Audiometer | |
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| Audiometer System Bekesy | |
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| Evoked Response Audiometry System | |
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| Calibration of Audiometers | |
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| Hearing Aids | |
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| Patient Safety | |
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| Electric Shock Hazards | |
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| Leakage Currents | |
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| Safety Codes for Electromedical Equipment | |
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| Electrical Safety Analyzer | |
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| Testing of Biomedical Equipment | |
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| Modern Imaging Systems | |
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| X-ray Machines and Digital Radiography | |
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| Basis of Diagnostic Radiology | |
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| Nature of X-rays | |
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| Production of X-rays | |
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| X-ray Machine | |
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| Visualization of X-rays | |
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| Dental X-ray Machines | |
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| Portable and Mobile X-ray Units | |
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| Physical Parameters for X-ray Detectors | |
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| Digital Radiography | |
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| X-ray Computed Tomography | |
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| Computed Tomography | |
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| System Components | |
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| Gantry Geometry | |
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| Patient Dose in CT Scanners | |
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| Nuclear Medical Imaging Systems | |
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| Radio-isotopes in Medical Diagnosis | |
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| Physics of Radioactivity | |
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| Radiation Detectors | |
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| Pulse Height Analyser | |
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| Uptake Monitoring Equipment | |
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| Radio-isotope Rectilinear Scanner | |
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| The Gamma Camera | |
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| Multi-crystal Gamma Cameras | |
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| Emission Computed Tomography (ECT) | |
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| Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) | |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scanner) | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging System | |
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| Principles of NMR Imaging Systems | |
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| Image Reconstruction Techniques | |
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| Basic NMR Components | |
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| Biological Effects of NMR Imaging | |
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| Advantages of NMR Imaging System | |
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| Ultrasonic Imaging Systems | |
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| Diagnostic Ultrasound | |
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| Physics of Ultrasonic Waves | |
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| Medical Ultrasound | |
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| Basic Pulse-echo Apparatus | |
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| A-Scan | |
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| Echocardiograph (M-mode) | |
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| B-Scanner | |
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| Real-time Ultrasonic Imaging Systems | |
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| Multi-element Linear Array Scanners | |
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| Digital Scan Converter | |
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| Biological Effects of Ultrasound | |
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| Thermal Imaging Systems | |
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| Medical Thermography | |
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| Physics of Thermography | |
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| Infrared Detectors | |
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| Thermographic Equipment | |
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| Quantitative Medical Thermography | |
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| Pyroelectric Vidicon Camera | |
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| Thermal Camera Based on IR Sensor with Digital Focal Plane Array | |
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| Therapeutic Equipment | |
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| Cardiac Pacemakers | |
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| Need for Cardiac Pacemaker | |
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| External Pacemakers | |
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| Implantable Pacemakers | |
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| Recent Developments in Implantable Pacemakers | |
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| Pacing System Analyser | |
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| Cardiac Defibrillators | |
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| Need for a Defibrillator | |
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| DC Defibrillator | |
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| Implantable Defibrillators | |
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| Pacer-cardioverter-defibrillator | |
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| Defibrillator Analysers | |
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| Instruments for Surgery | |
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| Principle of Surgical Diathermy | |
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| Surgical Diathermy Machine | |
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| Safety Aspects in Electro-surgical Units | |
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| Surgical Diathermy Analysers | |
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| Laser Applications in Biomedical Field | |
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| The Laser | |
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| Pulsed Ruby Laser | |
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| Nd-YAG Laser | |
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| Helium-Neon Laser | |
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| Argon Laser | |
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| CO[subscript 2] Laser | |
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| Excimer Lasers | |
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| Semiconductor Lasers | |
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| Laser Safety | |
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| Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Equipment | |
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| High Frequency Heat Therapy | |
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| Short-wave Diathermy | |
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| Microwave Diathermy | |
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| Ultrasonic Therapy Unit | |
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| Electrodiagnostic/Therapeutic Apparatus | |
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| Pain Relief Through Electrical Stimulation | |
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| Diaphragm Pacing by Radio-frequency for the Treatment of Chronic Ventilatory Insufficiency | |
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| Bladder Stimulators | |
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| Cerebellar Stimulators | |
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| Haemodialysis Machines | |
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| Function of the Kidneys | |
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| Artificial Kidney | |
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| Dialyzers | |
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| Membranes for Haemodialysis | |
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| Haemodialysis Machine | |
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| Portable Kidney Machines | |
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| Lithotriptors | |
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| The Stone Disease Problem | |
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| First Lithotriptor Machine | |
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| Modern Lithotriptor Systems | |
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| Extra-corporeal Shock-wave Therapy | |
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| Anaesthesia Machine | |
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| Need for Anaesthesia | |
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| Anaesthesia Machine | |
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| Electronics in the Anaesthetic Machine | |
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| Ventilators | |
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| Mechanics of Respiration | |
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| Artificial Ventilation | |
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| Ventilators | |
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| Types of Ventilators | |
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| Ventilator Terms | |
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| Classification of Ventilators | |
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| Pressure-volume-flow Diagrams | |
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| Modern Ventilators | |
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| High Frequency Ventilators | |
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| Humidifiers, Nebulizers and Aspirators | |
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| Radiotherapy Equipment | |
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| Use of High Voltage X-ray Machines | |
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| Development of Betatron | |
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| Cobalt-60 Machine | |
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| Medical Linear Accelerator Machine | |
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| Automated Drug Delivery Systems | |
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| Infusion Pumps | |
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| Components of Drugs Infusion Systems | |
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| Implantable Infusion Systems | |
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| Closed-loop Control in Infusion Systems | |
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| Examples of Typical Infusion Pumps | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |