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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification | |
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| SNR Requirements | |
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| The Johnson Criteria | |
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| Probability of Detection Estimation | |
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| Correcting for Probability of Chance | |
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| Detection Criteria | |
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| Estimating Probability Criteria from N[subscript 50] | |
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| Gimbal to Slewed Weight | |
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| Identification and Recognition Improvement for Interpolation | |
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| Resolution Requirement | |
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| MTF Squeeze | |
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| Psychometric Function | |
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| Rayleigh Criterion | |
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| Resolution Required to Read a Letter | |
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| Subpixel Accuracy | |
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| National Image Interpretability Rating Scale Criteria | |
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| Astronomy | |
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| Atmospheric "Seeing" | |
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| Blackbody Temperature of the Sun | |
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| Direct Lunar Radiance | |
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| Number of Actuators in an Adaptive Optic | |
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| Number of Infrared Sources per Square Degree | |
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| Number of Stars as a Function of Wavelength | |
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| Number of Stars above a Given Irradiance | |
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| Photon Rate at a Focal Plane | |
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| Reduction of Magnitude by Airmass | |
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| A Simple Model of Stellar Populations | |
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| Atmospherics | |
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| Atmospheric Attenuation or Beer's Law | |
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| Impact of Weather on Visibility | |
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| Atmospheric Transmission as a Function of Visibility | |
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| Bandwidth Requirement for Adaptive Optics | |
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| C[superscript 2 subscript n] Estimates | |
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| C[superscript 2 subscript n] as a Function of Weather | |
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| Free-Space Link Margins | |
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| Fried Parameter | |
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| Index of Refraction of Air | |
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| The Partial Pressure of Water Vapor | |
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| Phase Error Estimation | |
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| Shack-Hartmann Noise | |
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| Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Parameters | |
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| Visibility Distance for Rayleigh and Mie Scattering | |
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| Backgrounds | |
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| Clutter and Signal-to-Clutter Ratio | |
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| Clutter PSD Form | |
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| Earth's Emission and Reflection | |
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| Effective Sky Temperature | |
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| Emissivity Approximations | |
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| Frame Differencing Gain | |
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| General Infrared Clutter Behavior | |
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| Illuminance Changes during Twilight | |
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| Reflectivity of a Wet Surface | |
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| Sky Irradiance | |
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| Spencer's Signal-to-Clutter Ratio as a Function of Resolution | |
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| Cryogenics | |
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| Bottle Failure | |
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| Cold Shield Coatings | |
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| Cooler Capacity Equation | |
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| Cooling with Solid Cryogen | |
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| Failure Probabilities for Cryocoolers | |
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| Joule-Thomson Clogging | |
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| Joule-Thomson Gas Bottle Weights | |
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| Sine Rule of Improved Performance from Cold Shields | |
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| Stirling Cooler Efficiency | |
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| Temperature Limits on Detector/Dewar | |
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| Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulation | |
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| Cryocooler Sizing Rule | |
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| Radiant Input from Dewars | |
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| Detectors | |
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| APD Performance | |
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| Responsivity of Avalanche Photodiodes | |
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| Defining Background-Limited Performance for Detectors | |
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| Digitizer Sizing | |
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| HgCdTe "x" Concentration | |
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| Martin's Detector DC Pedestal | |
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| Noise Bandwidth of Detectors | |
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| Nonuniformity Effects on SNR | |
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| Peak versus Cutoff | |
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| Performance Dependence on R[subscript 0]A | |
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| Responsivity and Quantum Efficiency | |
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| Shot Noise Rule | |
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| Specifying 1/f Noise | |
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| Well Capacity | |
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| IR Detector Sensitivity to Temperature | |
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| Displays | |
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| Analog Square Pixel Aspect Ratios | |
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| Comfort in Viewing Displays | |
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| Common Sense for Displays | |
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| Contrast | |
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| Gamma | |
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| Gray Levels for Human Observers | |
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| Horizontal Sweep | |
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| Kell Factor | |
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| NTSC Display Analog Video Format | |
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| The Rose Threshold | |
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| Wald and Ricco's Law for Display Detection | |
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| Display Lines to Spatial Resolution | |
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| The Human Eye | |
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| Cone Density of the Human Eye | |
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| Data Latency for Human Perception | |
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| Dyschromatopic Vision | |
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| Energy Flow into the Eye | |
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| Eye Motion during the Formation of an Image | |
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| Frequency at which Sequences of Images Appear as a Smooth Flow | |
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| Eye Resolution | |
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| Little Bits of Eye Stuff | |
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| Old-Age Rules | |
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| Optical Fields of View | |
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| Pupil Size | |
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| The Quantum Efficiency of Cones | |
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| Retinal Illumination | |
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| Rod Density Peaks around an Eccentricity of 30[degree] | |
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| Simplified Optics Transfer Functions for the Components of the Eye | |
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| Stereograph Distance | |
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| Superposition of Colors | |
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| Vision Creating a Field of View | |
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| Lasers | |
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| Aperture Size for Laser Beams | |
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| Atmospheric Absorption of a 10.6-[mu]m Laser | |
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| Cross Section of a Retro-reflector | |
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| Gaussian Beam Radius Relationships | |
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| Increased Requirement for Rangefinder SNR to Overcome Atmospheric Effects | |
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| Laser Beam Divergence | |
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| Laser Beam Quality | |
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| Laser Beam Scintillation | |
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| Laser Beam Spread | |
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| Laser Beam Spread Compared with Diffraction | |
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| Laser Beam Wander Variance | |
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| Laser Brightness | |
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| LED vs. Laser Reliability | |
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| LIDAR Performance | |
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| On-Axis Intensity of a Beam | |
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| Peak Intensity of a Beam with Intervening Atmosphere | |
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| Pointing of a Beam of Light | |
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| Pulse Stretching in Scattering Environments | |
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| Thermal Focusing in Rod Lasers | |
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| Material Properties | |
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| Cauchy Equation | |
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| Diameter-to-Thickness (Aspect) Ratio for Mirrors | |
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| Dip Coating | |
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| Dome Collapse Pressure | |
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| Figure Change of Metal Mirrors | |
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| Mass Is Proportional to Element Size Cubed | |
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| Mechanical Stability Rules | |
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| Mirror Support Criteria | |
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| Natural Frequency of a Deformable Mirror | |
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| Pressure on a Plane Window | |
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| Properties of Fused Silica | |
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| Spin-Cast Mirrors | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Amdahl's and Gustafson's Laws for Processing Speedup | |
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| Arrhenius Equation | |
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| Cost of a Photon | |
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| Crickets as Thermometers | |
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| Distance to Horizon | |
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| Learning Curves | |
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| Moore's Law | |
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| Murphy's Law | |
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| Noise Resulting from Quantization Error | |
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| Noise Root Sum of Squares | |
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| Photolithography Yield | |
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| Solid Angles | |
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| Speed of Light | |
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| Ocean Optics | |
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| Absorption Coefficient | |
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| Absorption Caused by Chlorophyll | |
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| Absorption of Ice at 532 nm | |
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| Bathymetry | |
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| f-Stop under Water | |
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| Index of Refraction of Seawater | |
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| Ocean Reflectance | |
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| Underwater Detection | |
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| Underwater Glow | |
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| Wave Slope | |
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| Optics | |
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| Aberration Degrading the Blur Spot | |
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| Aberration Scaling | |
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| Acousto-optic Tunable Filter Bandpass | |
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| Blur vs. Field-Dependent Aberrations | |
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| Circular Variable Filters | |
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| Defocus for a Telescope Focused at Infinity | |
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| Diffraction Is Proportional to Perimeter | |
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| Diffraction Principles Derived from the Uncertainty Principle | |
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| f/# for Circular Obscured Apertures | |
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| Fabry-Perot Etalons | |
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| Focal Length and Field of View | |
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| Grating Blockers | |
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| Grating Efficiency as a Function of Wavelength | |
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| Hollow Waveguides | |
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| Hyperfocal Distance | |
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| The Law of Reflectance | |
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| Limit on FOV for Reflective Telescopes | |
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| Linear Approximation for Optical Modulation Transfer Function | |
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| Antireflection Coating Index | |
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| Maximum Useful Pupil Diameter | |
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| Minimum f/# | |
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| Optical Cost | |
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| Optical Performance of a Telescope | |
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| Peak-to-Valley Approximates Four Times the Root-Mean-Square | |
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| Pulse Broadening in a Fabry-Perot Etalon | |
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| Root-Sum-Squared Blur | |
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| Scatter Depends on Surface Roughness and Wavelength | |
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| Shape of Mirrors | |
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| Spherical Aberration and f/# | |
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| Stop Down Two Stops | |
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| Radiometry | |
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| Absolute Calibration Accuracy | |
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| Bandpass Optimization | |
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| Blackbody or Planck Function | |
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| Brightness of Common Sources | |
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| Calibrate under Use Conditions | |
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| Effective Cavity Emissivity | |
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| The MRT/NE[Delta]T Relationship | |
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| The Etendue or Optical Invariant Rule | |
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| Ideal NETD Simplification | |
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| Laboratory Blackbody Accuracy | |
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| Lambert's Law | |
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| Logarithmic Blackbody Function | |
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| Narrowband Approximation to Planck's Law | |
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| The Peak Wavelength or Wien Displacement Law | |
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| Photons-to-Watts Conversion | |
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| Quick Test of NE[Delta]T | |
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| The Rule of 4f/# | |
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| Shop Optics | |
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| Accuracy of Figures | |
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| Approximations for Foucault Knife-Edge Tests | |
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| Cleaning Optics Caution | |
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| Collimator Margin | |
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| Detection of Flatness by the Eye | |
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| Diamond Turning Crossfeed Speed | |
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| Effect of Surface Irregularity on the Wavefront | |
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| Fringe Movement | |
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| Material Removal Rate | |
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| Oversizing an Optical Element for Producibility | |
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| Pitch Hardness | |
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| Sticky Notes to Replace Computer Punch Cards for Alignment | |
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| Preston's Law | |
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| Properties of Visible Glass | |
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| Scratch and Dig | |
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| Surface Tilt Is Typically the Worst Error | |
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| Systems | |
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| Baffle Attenuation | |
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| Expected Modulation Transfer Function | |
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| BLIP Limiting Rule | |
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| Dawes Limit of Telescope Resolution | |
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| Divide by the Number of Visits | |
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| General Image Quality Equation | |
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| Good Fringe Visibility | |
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| LWIR Diffraction Limit | |
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| Overlap Requirements | |
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| Packaging Apertures in Gimbals | |
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| Pick Any Two | |
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| Procedures to Reduce Narcissus Effects | |
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| Relationship between Focal Length and Resolution | |
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| Simplified Range Equation | |
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| System Off-Axis Rejection | |
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| Temperature Equilibrium | |
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| Typical Values of EO System Parameters | |
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| Wind Loading on a Structure | |
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| Largest Optical Element Drives the Mass of the Telescope | |
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| Target Phenomenology | |
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| Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function | |
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| Causes of White Pigment's Color | |
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| Chlorophyll Absorptance | |
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| Emissivity Approximations | |
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| The Hagan-Rubens Relationship for the Reflectivity of Metals | |
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| Human Body Signature | |
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| IR Skin Characteristics | |
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| Jet Plume Phenomenology Rules | |
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| Lambertian vs. Specular | |
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| Laser Cross Section | |
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| More Plume Rules | |
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| Plume Thrust Scaling | |
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| Rocket Plume Rules | |
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| Solar Reflection Always Adds to Signature | |
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| Temperature as a Function of Aerodynamic Heating | |
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| Visible and Television Sensors | |
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| Airy Disk Diameter Approximates f/# (for Visible Systems) | |
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| CCD Size | |
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| Charge Transfer Efficiency Rules | |
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| CMOS Depletion Scaling | |
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| Correlated Double Sampling | |
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| Domination of Spurious Charge for CCDs | |
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| Equivalent ISO Speed of a Sensor | |
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| Hobbs' CCD Noises | |
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| Image Intensifier Resolution | |
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| Increase in Intensifier Photocathode EBI with Temperature | |
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| Low-Background NE[Delta]Q Approximation | |
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| Microchannel Plate Noise Figure and Noise Factor | |
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| Noise as a Function of Temperature | |
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| Noise Equations for CMOS APSs and CCDs | |
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| Photomultiplier Tube Power Supply Noise | |
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| P-Well CCDs are Harder than N-Type | |
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| Richardson's Equation for Photocathode Thermionic Current | |
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| Silicon Quantum Efficiency | |
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| Williams' Lines of Resolution per Megahertz | |
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| Appendix A | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |