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| Preface | |
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| Steam and Its Importance | |
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| The Use of Steam | |
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| The Steam-Plant Cycle | |
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| The Power Plant | |
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| Utility Boilers for Electric Power | |
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| Coal-Fired Boilers | |
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| Oil- and Gas-Fired Boilers | |
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| Steam Considerations | |
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| Boiler Feedwater | |
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| Industrial and Small Power Plants | |
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| Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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| Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Systems | |
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| Power Plant Costs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Boilers | |
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| The Boiler | |
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| Fundamentals of Steam Generation | |
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| Boiling | |
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| Circulation | |
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| Steam-Water Separation | |
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| Fire-Tube Boilers | |
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| Water-Tube Boilers | |
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| Steam-Water Separation | |
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| Principles of Heat Transfer | |
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| Superheaters | |
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| Superheat Steam Temperature Control | |
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| Attemperation | |
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| Flue Gas Bypass | |
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| Flue Gas Recirculation | |
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| Heat-Recovery Equipment | |
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| Furnace Design Considerations | |
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| Furnace Construction | |
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| Industrial and Utility Boilers | |
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| Considerations for Coal Firing | |
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| Spreader Stokers | |
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| Pulverized-Coal Firing | |
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| Stoker versus Pulverized-Coal Firing | |
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| Pressurized versus Balanced-Draft Boiler Designs | |
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| Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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| The Process | |
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| Comparison with Pulverized-Coal and Stoker Firing | |
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| Advantages of Fluidized Bed Combustion | |
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| Descriptions of Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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| Emissions Control with Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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| Bed Material | |
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| Heat Transfer | |
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| Modern Coal-Fired Plants-Summary | |
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| Process Steam and Its Application | |
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| Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Systems | |
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| Nuclear Steam Generation | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Design and Construction of Boilers | |
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| Materials Used in Boiler Construction | |
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| Stresses in Tubes and Drums | |
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| Drum Construction | |
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| Welded Construction | |
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| Structural Support Components | |
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| Manholes, Handholes, and Fittings | |
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| Boiler Assembly | |
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| Heating Surface and Capacity | |
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| Boiler Capacity Calculation | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Combustion of Fuels | |
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| The Combustion Process | |
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| The Theory of Combustion | |
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| The Air Supply | |
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| Coal | |
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| Fuel Oil | |
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| Gas | |
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| By-Product Fuels | |
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| Control of the Combustion Process | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Boiler Settings, Combustion Systems, and Auxiliary Equipment | |
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| Boiler Settings | |
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| Hand Firing | |
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| Stokers | |
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| Underfeed Stokers | |
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| Overfeed Stokers | |
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| Pulverized Coal | |
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| Contact Mills | |
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| Ball Mills | |
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| Impact Mills | |
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| Mill Feeders | |
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| Gravimetric Feeders | |
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| Burners | |
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| Lighters | |
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| Flame Safety System | |
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| Operation | |
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| Fuel Oil | |
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| Steam- or Air-Atomizing Burners | |
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| Pressure-Type Burners | |
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| Oil Burning Characteristics | |
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| Gas | |
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| Oil- and Gas-Firing Safety Precautions | |
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| Automatic Operation of Boilers | |
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| Stacks | |
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| Mechanical Draft: Fans | |
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| Steam and Air Jets | |
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| Flues and Ducts | |
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| Ash Handling Systems | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Boiler Accessories | |
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| Water Columns | |
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| Pressure Measurement | |
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| Temperature Measurement | |
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| Feedwater Regulators | |
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| Safety Valves | |
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| Blowdown Equipment | |
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| Nonreturn Valves | |
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| Steam Piping | |
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| Sootblowers | |
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| Valves | |
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| Instruments and Automatic Control Systems | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Operation and Maintenance of Boilers | |
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| Boiler Startup | |
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| Normal Operation | |
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| Combustion Control | |
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| Ash Handling | |
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| Water Supply | |
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| Boiler Efficiency | |
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| Insulation and Lagging | |
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| Operating Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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| Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) Boilers | |
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| Bubbling Fluid Bed (BFB) Boilers | |
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| Abnormal Operation | |
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| Idle Boilers | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Boiler Internal Inspection | |
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| Evaluating the Condition of a Boiler | |
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| Making Repairs | |
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| Inspection and Maintenance Requirements of Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Pumps | |
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| Pumps | |
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| Injectors | |
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| Duplex Pumps | |
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| Power Pumps | |
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| Vacuum Pumps | |
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| Rotary Pumps | |
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| Centrifugal Pumps | |
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| Facts about Fluids and Pumping | |
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| Factors Affecting Pump Operation | |
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| Considerations for Pump Selection | |
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| Pump Installation and Operation | |
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| Pump Testing and Calculations | |
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| Pump Maintenance | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Steam Turbines, Condensers, and Cooling Towers | |
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| Steam Turbines | |
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| Turbine Types and Applications | |
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| Turbine Stage Design | |
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| Major Components of a Turbine | |
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| Turbine Design and Construction | |
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| Thrust Bearing | |
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| Packing | |
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| Governors | |
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| Lubrication | |
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| Turbine Control | |
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| Erection of the Steam Turbine | |
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| Relief Valves and Rupture Disks for Turbines | |
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| Turbine Piping | |
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| Electric Generators | |
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| Condensers | |
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| Surface Condensers | |
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| Air-Cooled Condensers | |
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| Condenser Materials and Construction | |
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| Cooling Towers | |
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| Types of Cooling Towers | |
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| Design Considerations | |
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| Materials of Construction | |
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| Condenser Auxiliaries | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Operating and Maintaining Steam Turbines, Condensers, Cooling Towers, and Auxiliaries | |
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| Turbines | |
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| Turbine Operation | |
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| Turbine Maintenance | |
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| Turbine Performance | |
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| Condensers | |
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| Surface Condenser Operation | |
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| Surface Condenser Maintenance | |
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| Air-Cooled Steam Condenser Operation | |
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| Cooling Towers | |
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| Operation of Cooling Towers | |
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| Maintenance of Cooling Towers | |
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| Auxiliaries | |
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| Traveling Screens | |
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| Pumps | |
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| Steam-Jet Ejectors and Vacuum Pumps | |
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| Vacuum Gauges | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Auxiliary Steam-Plant Equipment | |
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| Condensate System | |
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| Feedwater Heaters | |
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| Closed Feedwater Heaters | |
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| Open Feedwater Heaters (Deaerators) | |
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| Operation and Maintenance of Feedwater Heaters | |
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| Condensate Polishing Systems | |
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| Raw Water Treatment | |
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| Ion-Exchange Water Conditioners | |
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| Evaporators | |
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| Boiler Blowdown | |
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| Piping System | |
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| Steam Traps | |
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| Pipeline Separators and Strainers | |
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| Lubricants and Lubricating Devices | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Environmental Control Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental Considerations | |
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| Sources of Plant Emissions | |
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| Available Technologies for the Control of Emissions | |
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| SO[subscript 2] Control | |
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| NO[subscript x] Control | |
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| Particulate Control | |
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| Regulatory Requirements | |
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| Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide Removal Requirements | |
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| Particulate Removal | |
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| Sulfur Dioxide Removal | |
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| Industrial Boilers | |
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| Equipment for Particulate Emission Control | |
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| Mechanical Collectors | |
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| Electrostatic Precipitators | |
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| Bag Filterhouses | |
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| Equipment for Sulfur Dioxide Scrubber Systems | |
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| Wet Scrubbers | |
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| Dry Scrubbers | |
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| Systems for Control of Nitrogen Oxides (NO[subscript x]) | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Waste-to-Energy Plants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Waste Disposal-A Worldwide Problem | |
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| Potential Energy from MSW | |
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| Landfills | |
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| Solid Waste Composition | |
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| Types of Energy-Recovery Technologies | |
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| Mass Burning | |
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| Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Burning | |
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| Operation and Maintenance of Refuse Boilers | |
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| Recycling | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling | |
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| Economics and Quality Products from Recycling | |
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| Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) | |
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| Waste-to-Energy Plants and Recycling | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Unit Conversions | |
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| Geometric Formulas | |
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| Steam Tables and Charts | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |