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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: The Citizen and the Government | |
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| Citizenship Is Based on Knowledge of and Participation in Politics | |
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| Government Is Made Up of the Institutions and Procedures by Which People Are Ruled | |
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| Different Forms of Government Are Defined by How Powerful the Government Is and How Free the People Are | |
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| Limiting Governments Encouraged Freedom | |
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| Expansion of Participation in America Changed the Political Balance | |
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| Politics Means Having a Say in What Happens | |
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| America Is Built on the Ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Democracy | |
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| Liberty Means Freedom | |
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| Equality Means Treating People Fairly | |
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| Democracy Means That What the People Want Matters | |
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| American Political Values Conflict | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Founding and the Constitution | |
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| Narrow Interests and Political Conflicts Shaped the First Founding | |
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| British Taxes Hurt Colonial Economic Interests | |
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| Political Strife Radicalized the Colonists | |
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| The Declaration of Independence Explained Why We Wanted to Break with England | |
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| The Articles of Confederation Created Our First National Government | |
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| The Failure of the Articles Made the "Second Founding" Necessary | |
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| America's Weakness at Home Made It Weak Abroad | |
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| The Annapolis Convention Was Key to Calling a National Convention | |
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| Shays's Rebellion Showed How Weak the Government Was | |
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| The Constitutional Convention Didn't Start Out to Write a New Constitution | |
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| The Constitution Created Both Bold Powers and Sharp Limits on Power | |
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| The Legislative Branch Was Designed to Be the Most Powerful | |
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| The Executive Branch Created a Brand New Office | |
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| The Judicial Branch Was a Check on Too Much Democracy | |
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| National Unity and Power Set the New Constitution Apart from the Old Articles | |
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| The Constitution Established the Process for Amendment | |
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| The Constitution Set Forth Rules for Its Own Ratification | |
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| The Constitution Limits the National Government's Power | |
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| Ratification of the Constitution Was Difficult | |
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| Federalists and Antifederalists Fought Bitterly over the Wisdom of the New Document | |
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| Both Federalists and Antifederalists Contributed to the Success of the New System | |
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| Constitutional Amendments Dramatically Changed the Relationship between Citizens and the Government | |
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| Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen | |
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| The Twenty-seven Amendments Are about Power and People | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Federalism | |
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| Federalism Shapes American Politics | |
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| Federalism Comes from the Constitution | |
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| The Definition of Federalism Has Changed Radically | |
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| Federalism under the "Traditional System" Gave Most Powers to the States | |
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| The Court Paved the Way for the End of the "Traditional System" | |
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| The End of the "Traditional System" Gave Way to the Rise of Cooperative Federalism | |
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| FDR's New Deal Remade the Government | |
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| Changing Court Interpretations of Federalism Helped Roosevelt's New Deal | |
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| Cooperative Federalism Pushes States to Achieve National Goals | |
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| National Standards Have Been Advanced through Federal Programs | |
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| New Federalism Means More State Control | |
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| There Is No Simple Answer to Finding the Right National-State Balance | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Civil Liberties and Civil Rights | |
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| The Origin of the Bill of Rights Lies in Those Who Opposed the Constitution | |
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| Dual Citizenship Was Defined by Barron v. Baltimore | |
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| The Fourteenth Amendment Created the Doctrine of Incorporation | |
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| The First Amendment Guarantees Freedom of Religion | |
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| Separation between Church and State Comes from the First Amendment | |
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| Free Exercise of Religion Means You Have a Right to Worship | |
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| The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech and the Press Assure Free Exchange of Ideas | |
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| The Truth Is Absolutely Protected Speech | |
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| Freedom of the Press Is Broad | |
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| Some Speech Only Has Limited Protection | |
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| The Second Amendment Protects the Right to Bear Arms in a Militia | |
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| Rights of the Criminally Accused Are Based on Due Process of Law | |
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| The Fourth Amendment Protects against Unlawful Searches and Seizures | |
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| The Fifth Amendment Covers Court-Related Rights | |
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| The Sixth Amendment's Right to Counsel Is Crucial for a Fair Trial | |
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| The Eighth Amendment Bars Cruel and Unusual Punishment | |
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| The Right to Privacy Is the Right to Be Left Alone | |
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| Civil Rights Are Protections by the Government | |
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| Plessy v. Ferguson Established "Separate but Equal" | |
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| Racial Discrimination Began to Subside after World War II | |
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| The Civil Rights Struggle Escalated after Brown v. Board of Education | |
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| The Civil Rights Acts Made Equal Protection a Reality | |
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| The Civil Rights Struggle Was Extended to Other Disadvantaged Groups | |
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| Women Fought Gender Discrimination | |
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| Latinos and Asian Americans Fight for Rights | |
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| Native Americans Have Sovereignty, but Still Lack Rights | |
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| Disabled Americans Won a Great Victory in 1990 | |
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| The Aged Are Protected under Law | |
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| Gays and Lesbians Gained Significant Legal Ground | |
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| Affirmative Action Attempts to Right Past Wrongs | |
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| The Supreme Court Shifts the Burden of Proof in Affirmative Action | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Public Opinion and the Media | |
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| Fundamental Values Shape Our Opinions | |
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| Political Values Come from Political Socialization | |
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| Our Political Values Come from Family, Social Groups, Education, and Political Conditions | |
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| The Two Main Ideologies in America Are Liberalism and Conservatism | |
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| Opinion Traits Explain How Public Opinion Influences Politics | |
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| Private Groups Shape Opinion | |
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| Measuring Public Opinion Is Crucial to Understanding What It Is | |
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| Public Opinion Surveys Are Very Accurate If Done Properly | |
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| Public Opinion Must Matter in a Democracy | |
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| The Media Must Also Matter in a Democracy | |
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| News Coverage Matters Because People Rely on It | |
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| Journalists Can Shape the News | |
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| News Subjects Can Shape the News | |
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| Consumers Can Influence News Content | |
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| The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics | |
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| The Media Influence Public Opinion through Agenda Setting, Priming, and Framing | |
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| The Internet's Impact on Politics Is Growing | |
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| Media Bias Can Be Ideological or Institutional | |
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| Public Opinion, Media, and Democracy Are Closely Linked | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Political Parties and Elections | |
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| Parties and Elections Have Been Vital to American Politics and Government | |
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| Political Parties Arose from the Electoral Process | |
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| Parties Recruit Candidates | |
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| Parties Organize Nominations | |
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| Parties Help Get Out the Vote | |
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| Parties Facilitate Voter Choice | |
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| Parties Organize Power in Congress | |
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| Presidents Need Political Parties | |
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| America Is One of the Few Nations with a Two-Party System | |
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| Electoral Alignments and Realignments Define American History | |
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| American Third Parties Have Altered the Shape of the Major Parties | |
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| Group Affiliations Are Based on Voters' Psychological Ties to One of the Parties | |
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| Voters Decide Based on Party, Issues, and Candidate | |
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| Party Loyalty Is Still Important | |
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| Issues Can Shape an Election | |
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| Candidate Characteristics Are More Important in the Media Age | |
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| Elections Are Important to Democracy, but the System Can Seem Complicated | |
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| Voter Turnout in America Is Low | |
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| The Two Types of Elections Are Primaries and General Elections | |
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| The Electoral College Still Organizes Presidential Elections | |
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| The 2004 Elections | |
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| Money Is the Mother's Milk of Politics | |
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| Campaign Funds Come from Direct Mail, the Rich, PACs, and Parties | |
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| Campaign Finance Reform Was Enacted in 2002 | |
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| The Current System Has Negative Implications for Democracy | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Interest Groups | |
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| Pluralist and Elitist Views Both Explain the Group Process | |
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| Interest Groups Represent Different Interests but Have Similar Organizations and Membership | |
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| What Interests Are Represented? | |
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| The Organizational Components of Groups Include Money, Offices, and Members | |
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| Group Membership Has an Upper-Class Bias | |
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| The Number of Groups Has Increased in the Last Thirty Years | |
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| The Expansion of Government Has Spurred the Growth of Groups | |
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| The New Politics Movement Focuses on Public Interest Groups | |
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| Conservative Interest Groups Go Grassroots | |
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| Interest Groups Use Different Strategies to Gain Influence | |
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| Direct Lobbying Combines Education, Persuasion, and Pressure | |
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| Cultivating Access Means Getting the Attention of Decision Makers | |
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| Using the Courts (Litigation) Can Be Highly Effective | |
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| Mobilizing Public Opinion Brings Wider Attention to an Issue | |
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| Groups Often Use Electoral Politics | |
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| Interest Groups Both Help and Hurt Democracy | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Congress | |
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| Congressional Power Is Rooted in the Constitution | |
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| Congress Represents the American People | |
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| The House and Senate Offer Differences in Representation | |
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| Representation Can Be Sociological or Agency | |
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| The Electoral Connection Hinges on Incumbency | |
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| Direct Patronage Means Bringing Home the Bacon | |
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| The Organization of Congress Is Shaped by Party | |
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| Party Leadership in the House and the Senate Organizes Power | |
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| The Committee System Is the Core of Congress | |
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| The Staff System Is the Power behind the Power | |
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| Rules of Lawmaking Explain How a Bill Becomes a Law | |
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| The First Step Is Committee Deliberation | |
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| Debate Is Less Restricted in the Senate Than in the House | |
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| Conference Committees Reconcile House and Senate Versions of Legislation | |
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| The President's Veto Controls the Flow of Legislation | |
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| Several Factors Influence How Congress Decides | |
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| Constituents Matter | |
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| Interest Groups Shape Constituents and Congress | |
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| Party Leaders Rely on Party Discipline | |
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| Much Congressional Energy Goes to Tasks Other Than Lawmaking | |
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| Congress Oversees How Legislation Is Implemented | |
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| Special Senate Powers Include Advice and Consent | |
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| Impeachment Is the Power to Remove Top Officials | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Presidency | |
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| Presidential Power Is Rooted in the Constitution | |
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| Expressed Powers Come Directly from the Words of the Constitution | |
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| Delegated Powers Come from Congress | |
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| Institutional Resources of Presidential Power Are Numerous | |
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| Political Appointments Are an Important Tool of Management | |
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| The White House Staff Constitutes the President's Eyes and Ears | |
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| The Executive Office of the President Is a Visible Sign of the Modern Strong Presidency | |
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| The Cabinet Is Often Distant from the President | |
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| The Vice Presidency Has Become More Important since the 1970s | |
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| The First Lady Has Become Important to Policy | |
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| The President Has Numerous Political Resources | |
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| Elections Provide a Resource Boost | |
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| Party Is a Key Presidential Resource | |
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| Groups Are a Little Recognized Presidential Resource | |
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| Successful Presidents Are Media-Savvy | |
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| Public Opinion Shapes Presidential Power | |
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| Mass Popularity Is Both a Resource and a Liability | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bureaucracy | |
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| Bureaucracy Exists to Improve Efficiency | |
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| The Size of the Federal Service Has Actually Declined | |
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| Bureaucrats Fulfill Important Roles | |
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| The Executive Branch Is Organized Hierarchically | |
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| Federal Bureaucracies Promote the Public Welfare | |
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| Federal Agencies Also Help Maintain a Strong Economy and Provide National Security | |
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| Several Forces Control Bureaucracy | |
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| The President as Chief Executive Can Direct Agencies | |
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| Congress Promotes Responsible Bureaucracy | |
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| Democracy Can Control Bureaucracy | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Federal Courts | |
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| The Legal System Settles Disputes | |
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| Court Cases Proceed under Criminal, Civil, or Public Law | |
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| Types of Courts Include Trial, Appellate, and Supreme | |
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| The Federal Courts Hear a Small Percentage of All Cases | |
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| The Lower Federal Courts Handle Most Cases | |
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| The Appellate Courts Hear 10 Percent of Lower Court Cases | |
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| The Supreme Court Is the Court of Final Appeal | |
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| Judges Are Appointed by the President and Approved by the Senate | |
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| The Solicitor General and Law Clerks Also Control the Flow of Cases | |
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| The Power of the Supreme Court Is Judicial Review | |
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| Judicial Review Covers Acts of Congress | |
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| Judicial Review Also Applies to State Actions | |
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| Most Cases Reach the Supreme Court by Appeal | |
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| The Supreme Court's Procedures Mean Cases May Take Months or Years | |
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| Supreme Court Decisions Are Influenced by Activism and Ideology | |
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| The Judiciary Was Designed to Protect Liberty | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Domestic Policy | |
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| The Tools for Making Policy Are Techniques of Control | |
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| Promotional Techniques Get People to Do Things by Giving Them Rewards | |
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| Regulatory Techniques Are Rules Backed by Penalties | |
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| Redistributive Techniques Affect Broad Classes of People | |
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| Social Policy and the Welfare System Buttress Equality | |
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| The History of the Government Welfare System Dates Only to the 1930s | |
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| The Social Security Act of 1935 Was the Foundation of the Welfare System | |
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| Welfare Reform Has Dominated the Welfare Agenda in Recent Years | |
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| Social Policy Spending Benefits the Middle Class More Than the Poor | |
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| Senior Citizens Now Receive over a Third of All Federal Dollars | |
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| The Middle Class Benefits from Social Policies | |
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| The Working Poor Receive Fewer Benefits | |
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| Spending for the Nonworking Poor Is Declining | |
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| Minorities, Women, and Children Are Most Likely to Face Poverty | |
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| The Cycle of Poverty Can Be Broken by Education, Employment, Health, and Housing Policies | |
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| Education Policies Provide Life Tools | |
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| Employment and Training Programs Mean Steady Incomes | |
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| Health Policies Mean Fewer Sick Days | |
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| Housing Policies Provide Residential Stability | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy Include the President, the Bureaucracy, and Congress | |
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| Foreign Policy Is Often Made in the Name of the President | |
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| Non-Government Actors Also Shape Foreign Policy | |
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| Foreign Policy Evolves in Small Steps | |
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| America Is Historically Suspicious of Foreign Entanglements | |
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| America's Great Leap to World Power Occurred after World War II | |
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| The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy Include Diplomacy, Money, and Military Force | |
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| Diplomacy Promotes National Values through Peaceful Means | |
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| The United Nations Continues to Support American Interests | |
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| The International Monetary Structure Helps Provide Economic Stability | |
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| Economic Aid Helps Diplomacy | |
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| Collective Security Is Designed to Deter War | |
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| Military Deterrence Is Based on Permanent Military Mobilization | |
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| Foreign Policy Values for America Today Emphasize Economic Relationships | |
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| Making the World Safe for Democracy May Not Produce Peace | |
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| Making the World Safe for Democracy and Markets Means Global Capitalism | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Outline | |
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| Practice Quiz | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Appendix | |
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| The Declaration of Independence | |
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| Articles of Confederation | |
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| The Constitution of the United States | |
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| Amendments to the Constitution | |
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| The Federalist Papers | |
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| Presidents and Vice Presidents | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Answer Key for Practice Quizzes | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Index | |