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| Preface and Acknowledgements | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Archipelagos, the Archipelagic Concept and the Law of the Sea Convention | |
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| Dependent Coastal and Outlying Archipelagos: Definitional Aspects | |
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| The Scope and Structure of the Book | |
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| The Development of the Archipelagic Concept in International Law of the Sea: From Straight Baselines to the Archipelagic Regime of the Law of the Sea Convention | |
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| Proposals and Evolution of the Archipelagic Concept Prior to the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea | |
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| Early Proposals Regarding the Treatment of Archipelagos in International Law | |
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| The Impact of the Fisheries Case upon the Evolution of the Archipelagic Concept | |
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| Proposals and Discussions on Archipelagos in the Aftermath of the Fisheries Case | |
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| Straight Baselines and Outlying and Coastal Archipelagos in the Discussions of the ILC | |
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| Straight Baselines and Archipelagos during UNCLOS I | |
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| The Regime of Enclosed Waters in the Discussions of the ILC ad UNCLOS I | |
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| Special Treatment of Archipelagos on the Basis of Historic Reasons in UNCLOS II | |
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| Factors impeding the Acceptance of a Special Regime for Outlying Archipelagos: An Interplay of Geographic and Political Considerations | |
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| Archipelagos and the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea | |
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| Political Developments Influencing UNCLOS III | |
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| Outlying Archipelagos and the Archipelagic Regime Adopted in UNCLOS III | |
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| Distinction on the Basis of the Political Status of Archipelagos | |
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| Conditions for the Application of the Archipelagic Regime: Archipelagic Definition vs. Quantitative Requirements | |
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| The Archipelagic Regime: A Regime to Satisfy Conflicting Interests | |
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| Concluding Remarks: The Application of the Archipelagic Concept in the LOSC: Gains and Losses | |
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| The Application of Straight Baselines on the Basis of Article <sub>7</sub> LOSC and State Practice: Implications for Coastal Archipelagos | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Article <sub>7</sub> LOSC and Application of Straight Baselines in Localities where there is a 'Fringe of Islands along the Coast in Its Immediate Vicinity | |
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| Rationale and Objectives for the Application of Straight Baselines to 'Fringes of Islands' | |
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| Conditions for the Application of Article <sub>7</sub> to 'Fringes of Islands along the Coast in Its Immediate Vicinity' | |
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| 'Fringe of Islands' | |
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| Background | |
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| Islands vs Article <sub>121 (3)</sub> LOSC Rocks | |
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| Number of Islands | |
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| Compactness of the Group: Distances between the Islands | |
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| The Relationship between the Coast and the Fringe of Islands: 'Along the Coast in Its Immediate Vicinity' | |
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| Conditions Regarding the Application of the Straight Baselines System per se | |
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| Article <sub>7 (2-5)</sub> LOSC | |
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| Maximum Length of Straight Baselines | |
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| Some Guidance from International Courts and Tribunals | |
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| Coastal Archipelagos and Article <sub>7</sub> LOSC | |
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| 'Fringe of Islands' vs Coastal Archipelagos | |
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| Coast and Coastal Archipelagos | |
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| The Provision, the Most (mis)used? Reflections on State Practice with an Emphasis on Coastal Archipelagos | |
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| Using Straight Baselines in the Case of a Few Off-Lying Islands: From Rationalisation Technique to Expansion of Coastal Jurisdiction | |
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| Using Straight Baselines in the Case of Coastal Archipelagos: Protection of Vulnerable Maritime Areas | |
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| Chile - Chilean Archipelago | |
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| Finland - Aaland Archipelago | |
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| United Kingdom - Outer Hebrides | |
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| Guinea-Bissau - Bijagos (Bissagos) Archipelago | |
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| Canada - Canadian Arctic Archipelago | |
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| Myanmar - Mergui Archipelago | |
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| Thailand - Ko Samui Archipelago | |
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| Italy - Tuscany Archipelago | |
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| Honduras - Islas de La Bahia (Bay Islands) | |
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| Russian Federation | |
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| The Contemporary Relevance of Straight Baselines in Coasts Fringed with Islands | |
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| Application of Straight Baselines and Impact on Maritime Space | |
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| (External) Extension of Coastal State Jurisdiction | |
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| (Internal) Extension of Coastal State Jurisdiction: The Status of Enclosed Waters | |
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| Interpretation of Article <sub>7</sub> LOSC on the Basis of Subsequent State Practice and the Significance of Precedents | |
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| Concluding Remarks: Reconsideration of the Rationale of Article <sub>7</sub> and Coastal Archipelagos | |
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| Dependent Outlying Archipelagos: Straight Baselines, the LOSC and State Practice | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Potential Application of Straight Baselines on the Basis of the law of the Sea Convention to Dependent Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| Article <sub>7</sub> of the LOSC: 'Fringes of Islands' and Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| Conditions for the Identification of Groups of Islands Qualifying for the Application of Straight Baselines (Article <sub>7</sub> Paragraph <sub>1</sub> of the LOSC) | |
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| The Relevance of the Size of the Islands of the Group | |
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| The Relationship between the Coast of the Main Island and the Rest of the Islands of the Group: Fringe and Masking Criterion | |
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| Conditions Regarding the Application of the Straight Baselines Systems per se | |
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| Article <sub>10</sub> of the LOSC: Islands Forming Juridical Bays | |
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| Practice of States in Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| The Practice of Continental States Applying a Special System for the Measurement of the Maritime Zones of Their Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| Archipelagos Dominated by One or Two Large Islands | |
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| Kerguelen Islands - France | |
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| Svalbard Archipelago - Norway | |
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| Sjaelland and -Laes� Islands - Denmark | |
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| Furneaux Group - Australia | |
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| Falkland Islands - United Kingdom | |
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| Guadeloupe - France | |
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| Archipelagos with Similarly Sized Islands or Islands Located in a Random Way | |
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| Galapagos Islands - Ecuador | |
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| Faroe Islands - Denmark | |
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| Houtman Abrolhos Islands - Australia | |
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| Canary Islands - Spain | |
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| Balearic Islands - Spain | |
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| Azores and Madeira Islands - Portugal | |
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| Turks and Caicos Islands - United Kingdom | |
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| Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia) - France | |
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| Kong Karls Land (Svalbard) - Norway | |
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| Dahlak Archipelago - Eritrea | |
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| Sudan | |
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| Co Co Islands and Preparis Islands - Myanmar | |
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| Andaman and Nicobar Islands - Lakshadweep Islands - India | |
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| Paracel Islands - China | |
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| Iran, Syria and United Arab Emirates | |
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| Practice of Continental States Applying the Low-Water Rule in Their Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| Hawaii - USA | |
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| Aegean Archipelago - Greece | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Law-Creating Value of the Practice of States in Outlying Archipelagos with an Emphasis on Customary International Law | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Development of Customary International Law Related to Outlying Archipelagos and the LOSC | |
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| The LOSC and Customary International Law: Interrelations and Interactions | |
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| The LOSC and Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| The Status of Dependent Outlying Archipelagos in General Customary International Law | |
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| State Practice - The Material Element | |
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| Assessment of State Practice | |
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| Elements of State Practice Essential for the Formation of Customary Law | |
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| Duration | |
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| Consistency, Uniformity and Generality | |
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| The Subjective Element | |
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| Opinio juris sive necessitatis | |
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| Opinio juris and the LOSC | |
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| The Reaction of the International Community | |
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| Opposition and Protests | |
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| Acceptance Inferred from Active Conduct | |
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| Significance of Divergent Practice: Does Divergent Practice Manifest Opposition? | |
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| Significance of Silence: Does Lack of Protest Manifest Acquiescence? | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Dependent Outlying Archipelagos and Customary International Law | |
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| The Content of the Emerging Customary Rule of International Law | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Archipelagic Concept and Special Customary and Historic Rights: Three Case Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Introductory Remarks on Special Customary/Historic Rights | |
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| The Faroe Islands | |
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| The Galapagos Islands | |
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| The Canadian Arctic Archipelago | |
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| Historic Waters Based on Title Acquired and Transferred to Canada by the Inuit | |
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| Historic Waters and the Exercise of Sovereign Authority | |
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| Activities Manifesting Sovereign Intention | |
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| Canadian Legislation Related to the Arctic Archipelago | |
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| Assertion of the Claim via Statements of Canadian Governmental Officials | |
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| The Reaction of Other States: Critical Time for the Establishment of the Historic Title and Acquiescence | |
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| Weighing Strengths and Weaknesses in an Historical Context | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Legitimacy of the Archipelagic Regime and Future Developments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Contemporary Relevance of the Archipelagic Regime: Part IV of the LOSC and Dependent Outlying Archipelagos | |
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| The Archipelagic Concept and the Element of Statehood | |
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| Legal Definition of Archipelagos according to the LOSC | |
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| Statehood as a Means of Distinguishing Archipelagos | |
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| Self-Governing and Non-Self-Governing Archipelagic Territories as 'Quasi' Archipelagic States | |
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| Reasons for the Application of the Archipelagic Regime in Terms of Needs and Interests and the Exclusive Economic Zone | |
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| Economic Considerations | |
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| Protection of the Marine Environment | |
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| Issues Related to Internal and External Security | |
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| Psychological and Symbolic Reasons | |
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| An Answer to the 'Proliferation of Claims' Argument: Is the Archipelagic Regime a Threat to Other States? | |
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| Freedom of Navigation and Overflight and Other Uses of Sea Exercised in the High Seas | |
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| Rights of Slates Neighbouring an Archipelago | |
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| Application of the Archipelagic Regime to Archipelagic Dependencies: Potential and Implications - | |
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| Canary Islands | |
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| French Polynesia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Manifestation of the Archipelagic Concept in International Law of the Sea | |
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| Straight and Archipelagic Baselines, Accommodation of Conflicting Interests and the Legitimacy of the Archipelagic Concept | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |