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The structure of materials | |
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Atomic structure and the chemical bond | |
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Metals | |
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Metallic bond | |
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Crystal structures | |
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Polycrystalline metals | |
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Ceramics | |
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Covalents bond | |
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Ionic bond | |
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Dipole bond | |
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Van der Waals bond | |
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Hydrogen bond | |
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The crystal structure of ceramics | |
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Amorphous ceramics | |
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Polymers | |
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The chemical structure of polymers | |
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The structure of polymers | |
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Elasticity | |
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Deformation modes | |
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Stress and strain | |
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Stress | |
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Strain | |
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Atomic interactions | |
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Hooke's law | |
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Elastic strain energy | |
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Elastic deformation under multiaxial loads | |
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Isotropic material | |
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Cubic lattice | |
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Orthorhombic crystals and orthotropic elasticity | |
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Transversally isotropic elasticity | |
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Other crystal lattices | |
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Examples | |
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Isotropy and anisotropy of macroscopic components | |
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Temperature dependence of Young's modulus | |
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Plasticity and failure | |
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Nominal and true strain | |
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Stress-strain diagrams | |
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Types of stress-strain diagrams | |
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Analysis of a stress-strain diagram | |
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Approximation of the stress-strain curve | |
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Plasticity theory | |
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Yield criteria | |
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Yield criteria of metals | |
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Yield criteria of polymers | |
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Flow rules | |
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Hardening | |
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Application of a yield criterion, flow rule, and hardening rule | |
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Hardness | |
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Scratch tests | |
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Indentation tests | |
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Rebound tests | |
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Material failure | |
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Shear fracture | |
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Cleavage fracture | |
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Fracture criteria | |
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Notches | |
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Stress concentration factor | |
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Neuber's rule | |
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Tensile testing of notched specimens | |
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Fracture mechanics | |
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Introduction to fracture mechanics | |
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Definitions | |
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Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | |
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The stress field near a crack tip | |
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The energy balance of crack propagation | |
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Dimensioning pre-cracked components under static loads | |
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Fracture parameters of different materials | |
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Material behaviour during crack propagation | |
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Subcritical crack propagation | |
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Measuring fracture parameters | |
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Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics | |
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Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) | |
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J integral | |
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Material behaviour during crack propagation | |
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Measuring elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameters | |
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Mechanical behaviour of metals | |
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Theoretical strength | |
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Dislocations | |
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Types of dislocations | |
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The stress field of a dislocation | |
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Dislocation movement | |
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Slip systems | |
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The critical resolved shear stress | |
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Taylor factor | |
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Dislocation interaction | |
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Generation, multiplication and annihilation of dislocations | |
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Forces acting on dislocations | |
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Overcoming obstacles | |
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Athermal processes | |
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Thermally activated processes | |
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Ductile-brittle transition | |
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Climb | |
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Intersection of dislocations | |
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Strengthening mechanisms | |
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Work hardening | |
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Grain boundary strengthening | |
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Solid solution hardening | |
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Particle strengthening | |
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Hardening of steels | |
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Mechanical twinning | |
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Mechanical behaviour of ceramics | |
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Manufacturing ceramics | |
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Mechanisms of crack propagation | |
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Crack deflection | |
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Crack bridging | |
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Microcrack formation and crack branching | |
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Stress-induced phase transformations | |
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Stable crack growth | |
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Subcritical crack growth in ceramics | |
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Statistical fracture mechanics | |
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Weibull statistics | |
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Weibull statistics for subcritical crack growth | |
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Measuring the parameters [sigma subscript 0] and m | |
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Proof test | |
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Strengthening ceramics | |
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Reducing defect size | |
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Crack deflection | |
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Microcracks | |
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Transformation toughening | |
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Adding ductile particles | |
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Mechanical behaviour of polymers | |
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Physical properties of polymers | |
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Relaxation processes | |
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Glass transition temperature | |
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Melting temperature | |
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Time-dependent deformation of polymers | |
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Phenomenological description of time-dependence | |
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Time-dependence and thermal activation | |
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Elastic properties of polymers | |
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Elastic properties of thermoplastics | |
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Elastic properties of elastomers and duromers | |
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Plastic behaviour | |
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Amorphous thermoplastics | |
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Semi-crystalline thermoplastics | |
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Increasing the thermal stability | |
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Increasing the glass and the melting temperature | |
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Increasing the crystallinity | |
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Increasing strength and stiffness | |
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Increasing the ductility | |
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Environmental effects | |
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Mechanical behaviour of fibre reinforced composites | |
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Strengthening methods | |
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Classifying by particle geometry | |
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Classifying by matrix systems | |
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Elasticity of fibre composites | |
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Loading in parallel to the fibres | |
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Loading perpendicular to the fibres | |
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The anisotropy in general | |
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Plasticity and fracture of composites | |
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Tensile loading with continuous fibres | |
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Load transfer between matrix and fibre | |
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Crack propagation in fibre composites | |
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Statistics of composite failure | |
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Failure under compressive loads | |
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Matrix-dominated failure and arbitrary loads | |
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Examples of composites | |
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Polymer matrix composites | |
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Metal matrix composites | |
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Ceramic matrix composites | |
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Biological composites | |
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Fatigue | |
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Types of loads | |
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Fatigue failure of metals | |
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Crack initiation | |
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Crack propagation (stage II) | |
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Final fracture | |
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Fatigue of ceramics | |
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Fatigue of polymers | |
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Thermal fatigue | |
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Mechanical fatigue | |
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Fatigue of fibre composites | |
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Phenomenological description of the fatigue strength | |
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Fatigue crack growth | |
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Stress-cycle diagrams (S-N diagrams) | |
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The role of mean stress | |
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Fatigue assessment with variable amplitude loading | |
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Cyclic stress-strain behaviour | |
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Kitagawa diagram | |
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Fatigue of notched specimens | |
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Creep | |
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Phenomenology of creep | |
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Creep mechanisms | |
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Stages of creep | |
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Dislocation creep | |
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Diffusion creep | |
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Grain boundary sliding | |
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Deformation mechanism maps | |
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Creep fracture | |
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Increasing the creep resistance | |
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Exercises | |
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Packing density of crystals | |
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Macromolecules | |
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Interaction between two atoms | |
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Bulk modulus | |
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Relation between the elastic constants | |
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Candy catapult | |
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True strain | |
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Interest calculation | |
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Large deformations | |
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Yield criteria | |
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Yield criteria of polymers | |
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Design of a notched shaft | |
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Estimating the fracture toughness K[subscript Ic] | |
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Determination of the fracture toughness K[subscript Ic] | |
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Static design of a tube | |
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Theoretical strength | |
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Estimating the dislocation density | |
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Thermally activated dislocation generation | |
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Work hardening | |
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Grain boundary strengthening | |
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Precipitation hardening | |
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Weibull statistics | |
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Design of a fluid tank | |
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Subcritical crack growth of a ceramic component | |
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Mechanical models of viscoelastic polymers | |
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Elastic damping | |
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Eyring plot | |
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Elasticity of fibre composites | |
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Properties of a polymer matrix composite | |
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Estimating the number of cycles to failure | |
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Miner's rule | |
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Larson-Miller parameter | |
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Creep deformation | |
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Relaxation of thermal stresses by creep | |
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Solution | |
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Using tensors | |
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Introduction | |
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The order of a tensor | |
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Tensor notations | |
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Tensor operations and Einstein summation convention | |
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Coordinate transformations | |
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Important constants and tensor operations | |
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Invariants | |
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Derivations of tensor fields | |
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Miller and Miller-Bravais indices | |
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Miller indices | |
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Miller-Bravais indices | |
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A crash course in thermodynamics | |
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Thermal activation | |
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Free energy and free enthalpy | |
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Phase transformations and phase diagrams | |
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The J integral | |
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Discontinuities, singularities, and Gauss' theorem | |
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Energy-momentum tensor | |
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J integral | |
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J integral at a crack tip | |
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Plasticity at the crack tip | |
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Energy interpretation of the J integral | |
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References | |
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List of symbols | |
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Index | |