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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Liquid Surfaces | |
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| Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface | |
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| Surface Tension | |
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| Equation of Young and Laplace | |
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| Curved Liquid Surfaces | |
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| Derivation of Young-Laplace Equation | |
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| Applying the Young-Laplace Equation | |
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| Techniques to Measure Surface Tension | |
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| Kelvin Equation | |
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| Capillary Condensation | |
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| Nucleation Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Thermodynamics of Interfaces | |
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| Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems | |
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| Surface Excess | |
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| Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface | |
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| Internal Energy and Helmholtz Energy | |
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| Equilibrium Conditions | |
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| Location of Interface | |
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| Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy | |
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| Interfacial Excess Energies | |
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| Pure Liquids | |
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| Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm | |
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| Derivation | |
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| System of Two Components | |
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| Experimental Aspects | |
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| Marangoni Effect | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Poisson-Boltzmann Theory of Diffuse Double Layer | |
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| Poisson-Boltzmann Equation | |
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| Planar Surfaces | |
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| The Full One-Dimensional Case | |
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| The Electric Double Layer around a Sphere | |
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| Grahame Equation | |
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| Capacitance of Diffuse Electric Double Layer | |
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| Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann Theory | |
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| Limitations of Poisson-Boltzmann Theory | |
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| Stern Layer | |
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| Gibbs Energy of Electric Double Layer | |
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| Electrocapillarity | |
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| Theory | |
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| Measurement of Electrocapillarity | |
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| Examples of Charged Surfaces | |
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| Measuring Surface Charge Densities | |
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| Potentiometric Colloid Titration | |
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| Capacitances | |
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| Electrokinetic Phenomena: the Zeta Potential | |
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| Navier-Stokes Equation | |
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| Electro-Osmosis and Streaming Potential | |
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| Electrophoresis and Sedimentation Potential | |
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| Types of Potential | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Surface Forces | |
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| Van der Waals Forces between Molecules | |
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| Van der Waals Force between Macroscopic Solids | |
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| Microscopic Approach | |
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| Macroscopic Calculation - Lifshitz Theory | |
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| Retarded Van der Waals Forces | |
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| Surface Energy and the Hamaker Constant | |
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| Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces | |
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| The Derjaguin Approximation | |
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| Disjoining Pressure | |
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| Measurement of Surface Forces | |
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| Electrostatic Double-Layer Force | |
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| Electrostatic Interaction between Two Identical Surfaces | |
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| DLVO Theory | |
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| Beyond DLVO Theory | |
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| Solvation Force and Confined Liquids | |
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| Non-DLVO Forces in Aqueous Medium | |
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| Steric and Depletion Interaction | |
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| Properties of Polymers | |
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| Force between Polymer-Coated Surfaces | |
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| Depletion Forces | |
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| Spherical Particles in Contact | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting | |
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| Young's Equation | |
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| Contact Angle | |
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| Derivation | |
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| Line Tension | |
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| Complete Wetting and Wetting Transitions | |
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| Theoretical Aspects of Contact Angle Phenomena | |
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| Important Wetting Geometries | |
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| Capillary Rise | |
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| Particles at Interfaces | |
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| Network of Fibers | |
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| Measurement of Contact Angles | |
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| Experimental Methods | |
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| Hysteresis in Contact Angle Measurements | |
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| Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity | |
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| Superhydrophobic Surfaces | |
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| Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting | |
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| Spontaneous Spreading | |
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| Dynamic Contact Angle | |
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| Coating and Dewetting | |
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| Applications | |
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| Flotation | |
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| Detergency | |
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| Microfluidics | |
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| Electrowetting | |
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| Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Solid Surfaces | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description of Crystalline Surfaces | |
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| Substrate Structure | |
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| Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction | |
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| Description of Adsorbate Structures | |
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| Preparation of Clean Surfaces | |
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| Thermal Treatment | |
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| Plasma or Sputter Cleaning | |
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| Cleavage | |
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| Deposition of Thin Films | |
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| Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces | |
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| Surface Energy, Surface Tension, and Surface Stress | |
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| Determining Surface Energy | |
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| Surface Steps and Defects | |
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| Surface Diffusion | |
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| Theoretical Description of Surface Diffusion | |
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| Measurement of Surface Diffusion | |
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| Solid-Solid Interfaces | |
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| Microscopy of Solid Surfaces | |
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| Optical Microscopy | |
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| Electron Microscopy | |
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| Scanning Probe Microscopy | |
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| Diffraction Methods | |
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| Diffraction Patterns of Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures | |
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| Diffraction with Electrons, X-Rays, and Atoms | |
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| Spectroscopic Methods | |
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| Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces | |
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| Spectroscopy Using Mainly Inner Electrons | |
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| Spectroscopy with Outer Electrons | |
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| Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Adsorption | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Adsorption Time | |
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| Classification of Adsorption Isotherms | |
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| Presentation of Adsorption Isotherms | |
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| Thermodynamics of Adsorption | |
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| Heats of Adsorption | |
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| Differential Quantities of Adsorption and Experimental Results | |
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| Adsorption Models | |
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| Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm | |
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| Langmuir Constant and Gibbs Energy of Adsorption | |
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| Langmuir Adsorption with Lateral Interactions | |
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| BET Adsorption Isotherm | |
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| Adsorption on Heterogeneous Surfaces | |
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| Potential Theory of Polanyi | |
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| Experimental Aspects of Adsorption from Gas Phase | |
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| Measuring Adsorption to Planar Surfaces | |
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| Measuring Adsorption to Powders and Textured Materials | |
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| Adsorption to Porous Materials | |
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| Special Aspects of Chemisorption | |
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| Adsorption from Solution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Surface Modification | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition | |
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| Physical Vapor Deposition | |
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| Chemical Vapor Deposition | |
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| Soft Matter Deposition | |
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| Self-Assembled Monolayers | |
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| Physisorption of Polymers | |
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| Polymerization on Surfaces | |
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| Plasma Polymerization | |
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| Etching Techniques | |
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| Lithography | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Friction, Lubrication, and Wear | |
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| Friction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Amontons' and Coulomb's Law | |
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| Static, Kinetic, and Stick-Slip Friction | |
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| Rolling Friction | |
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| Friction and Adhesion | |
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| Techniques to Measure Friction | |
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| Macroscopic Friction | |
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| Microscopic Friction | |
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| Lubrication | |
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| Hydrodynamic Lubrication | |
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| Boundary Lubrication | |
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| Thin-Film Lubrication | |
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| Superlubricity | |
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| Lubricants | |
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| Wear | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams | |
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| Surfactants | |
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| Spherical Micelles, Cylinders, and Bilayers | |
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| Critical Micelle Concentration | |
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| Influence of Temperature | |
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| Thermodynamics of Micellization | |
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| Structure of Surfactant Aggregates | |
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| Biological Membranes | |
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| Macroemulsions | |
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| General Properties | |
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| Formation | |
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| Stabilization | |
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| Evolution and Aging | |
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| Coalescence and Demulsification | |
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| Microemulsions | |
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| Size of Droplets | |
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| Elastic Properties of Surfactant Films | |
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| Factors Influencing the Structure of Microemulsions | |
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| Foams | |
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| Classification, Application, and Formation | |
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| Structure of Foams | |
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| Soap Films | |
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| Evolution of Foams | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phases of Monomolecular Films | |
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| Experimental Techniques to Study Monolayers | |
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| Optical Microscopy | |
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| Infrared and Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy | |
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| X-Ray Reflection and Diffraction | |
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| Surface Potential | |
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| Rheologic Properties of Liquid Surfaces | |
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| Langmuir-Blodgett Transfer | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Solutions to Exercises | |
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| Analysis of Diffraction Patterns | |
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| Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Crystals | |
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| Bragg Condition | |
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| Laue Condition | |
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| Reciprocal Lattice | |
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| Ewald Construction | |
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| Diffraction at Surfaces | |
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| Intensity of Diffraction Peaks | |
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| Symbols and Abbreviations | |