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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| A Broad Impact | |
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| An Increasingly Important Role | |
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| Why This Book? | |
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| A Key Question: What Does State Government Do? | |
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| Government Responds | |
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| Reform: Is This the Time? | |
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| Rising Calls for Reform | |
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| Four Categories of Reform | |
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| The Budget Process | |
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| Legislative Process | |
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| The Role of Money in Lobbying | |
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| The Role of Money in Campaigns | |
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| Redistricting | |
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| Policy Reforms | |
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| The State Constitution | |
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| The Political and Governmental Culture of Albany | |
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| The Road Ahead | |
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| The Upstate Challenge | |
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| A Dramatic Reversal of Economic Fortunes | |
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| A Rising Tide, Then an Ebb, of Manufacturing Jobs | |
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| Sharp Decline in Upstate Cities | |
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| The Upstate Economy Becomes a Political Issue | |
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| What Explains Upstate's Long Decline? | |
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| Still Some Key Advantages | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| The Governor and Other Statewide Elected Leaders | |
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| A Powerful Executive | |
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| Who Becomes Governor of New York? | |
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| What Does the Governor Do? | |
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| Enacting Laws: Constitutional Powers, Political Influence | |
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| The Agreement to Create Charter Schools | |
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| Persuading Legislators on an Ethics Law | |
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| The Power of the Spotlight | |
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| The Administrator-in-Chief | |
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| Limits to Executive Authority | |
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| The Governor's Staff: The "Second Floor" | |
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| Governor's Legislation | |
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| Assessing Governors | |
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| The Lieutenant Governor | |
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| Beyond the Governor | |
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| The Comptroller | |
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| The $128 Billion Job | |
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| The Attorney General | |
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| The Legislature | |
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| The Basics | |
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| From Royal Control to the Will of the People | |
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| "One Man, One Vote" | |
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| The Powers of the Legislature | |
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| Limits on Power | |
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| How Do The Houses Work? | |
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| How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Basics | |
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| The Role of the Leadership | |
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| The Committee System | |
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| Conference Committees: What Was Old is New Again | |
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| The Minority: An Important Voice | |
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| A "Professional" Legislature | |
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| Who Are They? Members of the Legislature Today | |
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| Representative Democracy = Politics | |
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| Getting Elected | |
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| The Judiciary | |
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| State Courts: The Mainstream of the U.S. Judiciary | |
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| Structure of the Courts | |
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| The Constitution on the Courts | |
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| An "Absurdly Complex" System | |
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| The Trial Courts | |
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| Structural Reform? | |
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| Appellate Courts | |
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| The Court of Appeals | |
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| Powers of the Courts | |
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| Checks on the Courts' Powers | |
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| The Judges | |
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| The People's Courts: The Juror's Role | |
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| The Constitution | |
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| Changes Over Time | |
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| The National Context | |
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| New York's First Constitution | |
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| The 1821 Constitutional Convention: Historic Changes | |
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| More Power to the People: The 1846 Convention | |
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| Development of the Modern Constitution: 1894-1938 | |
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| The Constitution at the Turn of the 21st Century: A Bill of Rights - Right at the Start | |
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| Structure of State Government: The Legislature | |
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| Structure of State Government: The Governor | |
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| The Comptroller and the Attorney General | |
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| Structure of State Government: The Judiciary | |
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| What Government Must, May, and Cannot Do | |
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| Driving Constitutional Change: Politics, Society, and Ideas | |
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| The 1997 Vote Against a Convention | |
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| Constitutional Reform Without a Convention | |
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| Appointed Officials, Administrative Law, and the Bureaucracy | |
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| Policy, Powers, and People | |
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| The Power of Appointed Officials | |
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| Patronage, or Performance? | |
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| State Agency Powers: Regulation | |
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| Regulating Business Relationships | |
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| Public Service Commission | |
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| Banking and Insurance Regulation | |
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| The Banking Department | |
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| The Insurance Department | |
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| The Department of State | |
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| Administrative Law: Authority Under the Statutes | |
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| Regulating the Regulators: SAPA | |
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| Rulemaking | |
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| Executive Chamber Oversight of Regulations | |
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| Adjudication | |
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| Licensing | |
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| Beyond SAPA | |
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| From SAPA to GORR | |
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| Regulatory Agencies and the Courts | |
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| The Workforce | |
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| Who Are the State's Workers? | |
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| The Legal Environment: Yesterday and Today | |
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| The Taylor Law | |
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| Resolving Disputes Under the Taylor Law | |
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| Bargaining Units and Unions | |
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| Repairing a "Calcified" Civil-Service System | |
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| Employee Relations in the 21st Century | |
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| State Government's Biggest Job: The Budget | |
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| Who Are the Players? | |
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| How to Measure the Budget? | |
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| More Than Meets the Eye | |
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| What's in the Budget: The Spending Side | |
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| Priorities Change | |
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| Where Does the Money Come From? | |
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| Cutting Taxes | |
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| The Growing Role of State-Sponsored Gambling | |
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| The Executive Budget Process | |
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| How the Process Unfolds | |
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| The Legislature's Role | |
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| A Contentious Process | |
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| The Continuing Struggle Over Budget Powers | |
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| The Battle Over Proposal One | |
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| Who Decides, and How? | |
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| The Balance of Power | |
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| How New York Compares | |
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| Why Is Government in New York More Expensive? | |
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| More Transparency Under New Accounting Rules | |
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| Budget Watchdogs | |
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| State Debt and Public Authorities | |
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| The Limits on State Debt | |
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| The Rise of Public Authorities | |
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| Public Authorities Today | |
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| State Debt Profile | |
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| Criticisms of State Debt and Public Authorities | |
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| Reform Efforts: Recent and Proposed | |
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| Health and Mental Hygiene | |
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| A Multi-Tiered System | |
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| Where It Began: Public Health | |
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| State Government's Growing Involvement | |
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| A Broad Range of Powers | |
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| Regulating and Providing Health Care | |
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| Medicaid | |
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| Expanding Services, and Growing Costs | |
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| Political Support | |
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| Hospital Funding and Long-Term Care | |
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| Major Changes Coming for Hospitals and Nursing Homes | |
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| Medicaid Managed Care | |
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| Expanding Health Coverage | |
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| Recent Developments: Addressing Local Costs and Fraud | |
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| Regulating Health Care | |
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| Health Department Institutions | |
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| Vital Statistics and Other Responsibilities | |
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| Mental Hygiene | |
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| Mental Health | |
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| Mental Retardation | |
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| Alcoholism and Substance Abuse | |
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| Overseeing Quality of Care | |
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| Education | |
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| Overview of Education Policymaking | |
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| The Regents: Broad Powers | |
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| The Constitution and the Board of Regents | |
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| Early Public Education in New York | |
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| The Statewide Education System Today | |
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| Academics: Curriculum, Teaching, and Assessment | |
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| Operational Mandates | |
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| Charter Schools | |
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| School Finance | |
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| Court Rulings and Education Finance | |
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| Private Schools and Home Schooling | |
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| Higher Education | |
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| Creating SUNY | |
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| SUNY University Centers | |
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| City University of New York | |
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| Influences on Education Policy | |
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| Regulation of Professions | |
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| Serving Individuals with Disabilities | |
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| State Museum and Archives | |
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| Transportation and Economic Development | |
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| Early Transportation and the Great Canal | |
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| Growth and Decline of the Canal System | |
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| Changes in Administrative Structure | |
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| The Modern Department of Transportation | |
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| The Thruway | |
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| Mass Transportation | |
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| Airports | |
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| Major Questions Over Future Capital Needs | |
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| Economic Development | |
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| The Business Climate | |
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| The "Coupon" Strategy | |
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| A Major New Incentive Program | |
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| What Works in Economic Development? | |
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| New York's Advantages and Competitive Challenges | |
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| Labor and Family Assistance | |
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| An Overview | |
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| Helping the Poor: Early Efforts | |
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| State and County Governments Get Involved | |
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| Cash Assistance | |
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| The Road to Welfare Reform | |
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| The Role of the State Constitution | |
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| The Changing Politics of Welfare | |
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| Welfare Reform in New York | |
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| After Reform | |
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| A New Administrative Structure | |
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| A State and Local System | |
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| Office of Children and Family Services | |
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| Child Care | |
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| Protecting Children | |
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| Foster Care | |
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| Adoption | |
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| Labor Policy in New York | |
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| Labor Starts to Gain Power | |
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| Early Legislation | |
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| The Triangle Fire Leads to More Laws | |
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| Labor's Modern Political Involvement | |
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| The Labor Department Today | |
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| Unemployment Insurance | |
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| Job Services | |
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| Regulating Wages | |
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| Workers' Compensation | |
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| Public Protection | |
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| Structure of the Criminal Justice System | |
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| Crime in New York | |
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| The Penal Law | |
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| Evolving Concepts of What the Law Should Proscribe | |
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| The Police | |
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| The State Police | |
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| Other Police and Peace Officers | |
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| Prosecution and the Courts | |
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| Protections for the Accused | |
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| The Role of the Attorney General | |
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| Disposition of Offenders and Sentencing | |
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| The Prisons: Punishment and Rehabilitation | |
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| Development of Prisons in New York | |
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| Modern Administration of Corrections | |
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| Attica | |
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| Recent Changes in Corrections | |
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| Probation and Parole | |
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| Younger Offenders | |
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| Tougher Punishment, More Programming | |
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| Commission of Correction | |
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| Help for Crime Victims | |
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| Homeland Security | |
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| Environment and Parks | |
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| Long Before Earth Day | |
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| "Make It a Forest Forever" | |
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| The Conservation Department | |
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| The Emerging Issue of Environmental Quality | |
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| DEC and the Environmental Conservation Law | |
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| DEC Today | |
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| Lands and Forests | |
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| Conservation Officers and Forest Rangers | |
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| Related Agencies | |
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| The Adirondacks: A Special Case | |
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| Environmental Progress | |
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| Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation | |
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| Origins of the State Parks System | |
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| Historic Preservation | |
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| A Broad Agenda | |
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| The 3,166 Local Governments: History and Structure | |
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| Four Types of General Government | |
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| Why All These Local Governments? | |
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| Major Units of Local Government: Counties | |
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| Structure of County Governments | |
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| Counties in the 21st Century | |
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| Major Units of Local Government: Cities, Towns and Villages | |
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| Cities | |
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| Downstate Vitality - New York City | |
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| Upstate Decline | |
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| Towns | |
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| Villages | |
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| Fire Districts | |
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| Condos, Coops and Other 'Private Neighborhoods' | |
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| Cutting Across Local-Government Barriers | |
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| Local Government Finance | |
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| The Property Tax: Who Pays, and How Much? | |
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| Tough Fiscal Challenges, for Localities and Taxpayers Alike | |
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| Regional Planning: Not Much | |
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| Initiative and Referendum | |
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| The State-Local Paradox: Home Rule and State Mandates | |
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| The Municipal Home Rule Law | |
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| The Fiscal Connection | |
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| The Mandate Problem | |
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| A Changing Fiscal Relationship | |
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| Next: Changing School Finance? | |
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| Land Use: Power for Localities But Still Subject to State Regulations | |
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| The People's Government | |
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| Voting | |
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| Political Parties | |
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| Lobbying | |
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| Regulation of Lobbying | |
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| New Rules for Lobbying | |
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| A Variety of Interests in Albany | |
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| Campaign Contributions | |
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| What Purpose Do Political Contributions Serve? | |
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| What Can a Citizen Do? | |
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| The Role of Interest Groups | |
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| Strategies for Influencing Policy | |
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| Accountability | |
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| Open Government | |
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| The News Media | |
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| Performance Measurement in New York | |
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| Does Measurement Improve Performance? | |
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| Performance Measurement on the Rise Nationally | |
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| Federalism: What Is the Role of State Governments? | |
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| Shifts in the Balance of Powers | |
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| Federalism Today | |
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| The Bottom Line: Expanding the Public Sector? | |
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| Interstate Activities | |
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| Continuing Debate Over the Balance of Power | |
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| The Future of Federalism | |
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| Education Policy | |
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| The Role of Lobbyists and 'Earmarking'in Federal Funding | |
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| Insurance Regulation | |
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| A Legislative Case Study: Domestic Relations Law | |