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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Programming Languages | |
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| The Amazing Variety | |
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| The Odd Controversies | |
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| The Intriguing Evolution | |
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| The Many Connections | |
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| A Word about Application Programming Interfaces | |
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| Defining Program Syntax | |
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| A Grammar Example for English | |
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| A Grammar Example for a Programming Language | |
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| A Definition of Grammars: Backus-Naur Form | |
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| Writing Grammars | |
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| Lexical Structure and Phrase Structure | |
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| Other Grammar Forms | |
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| Where Syntax Meets Semantics | |
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| Operators | |
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| Precedence | |
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| Associativity | |
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| Other Ambiguities | |
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| Cluttered Grammars | |
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| Parse Trees and EBNF | |
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| Abstract Syntax Trees | |
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| Language Systems | |
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| The Classical Sequence | |
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| Variations on the Classical Sequence | |
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| Binding Times | |
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| Debuggers | |
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| Runtime Support | |
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| A First Look at ML | |
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| Getting Started with an ML Language System | |
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| Constants | |
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| Operators | |
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| Conditional Expressions | |
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| Type Conversion and Function Application | |
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| Variable Definition | |
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| Garbage Collection | |
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| Tuples and Lists | |
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| Function Definitions | |
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| ML Types and Type Annotations | |
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| Types | |
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| A Menagerie of Types | |
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| Uses for Types | |
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| A Second Look at ML | |
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| Patterns You Already Know | |
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| More Simple Patterns | |
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| Complex Patterns | |
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| A Summary of ML Patterns So Far | |
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| Using Multiple Patterns for Functions | |
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| Pattern-Matching Style | |
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| Local Variable Definitions | |
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| Nested Function Definitions | |
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| Polymorphism | |
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| Overloading | |
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| Parameter Coercion | |
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| Parametric Polymorphism | |
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| Subtype Polymorphism | |
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| A Third Look at ML | |
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| More Pattern Matching | |
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| Function Values and Anonymous Functions | |
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| Higher-Order Functions and Currying | |
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| Predefined Higher-Order Functions | |
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| Scope | |
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| Definitions and Scope | |
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| Scoping with Blocks | |
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| Scoping with Labeled Namespaces | |
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| Scoping with Primitive Namespaces | |
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| Dynamic Scoping | |
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| A Word about Separate Compilation | |
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| A Fourth Look at ML | |
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| Enumerations | |
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| Data Constructors with Parameters | |
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| Type Constructors with Parameters | |
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| Recursively-Defined Type Constructors | |
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| Memory Locations for Variables | |
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| Activation-Specific Variables | |
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| Activation Records | |
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| Static Allocation of Activation Records | |
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| Dynamic Stacks of Activation Records | |
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| Handling Nested Function Definitions | |
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| Functions as Parameters | |
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| Long-Lived Functions | |
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| A First Look at Java | |
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| Thinking about Objects | |
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| Simple Expressions and Statements | |
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| Class Definitions | |
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| About References and Pointers | |
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| Getting Started with a Java Language System | |
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| Memory Management | |
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| A Memory Model Using Java Arrays | |
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| Stacks | |
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| Heaps | |
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| Current Heap Links | |
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| A Second Look at Java | |
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| Implementing Interfaces | |
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| Extending Classes | |
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| Extending and Implementing | |
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| Multiple Inheritance and How to Live without It | |
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| Generics and How to Live without Them | |
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| Object Orientation | |
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| Object-Oriented Programming | |
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| A Menagerie of Object-Oriented Language Features | |
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| A Third Look at Java | |
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| Throwable Classes | |
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| Catching Exceptions | |
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| Throwing Exceptions | |
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| Checked Exceptions | |
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| Error Handling | |
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| Finally | |
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| Parameters | |
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| Correspondence | |
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| By Value | |
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| By Result | |
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| By Value-Result | |
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| By Reference | |
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| By Macro Expansion | |
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| By Name | |
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| By Need | |
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| Specification Issues | |
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| A First Look at Prolog | |
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| The Building Blocks--Prolog Terms | |
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| Getting Started with a Prolog Language System | |
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| Rules | |
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| The Two Faces of Prolog | |
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| A Word about Term Interpretation | |
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| Operators | |
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| Lists | |
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| Negation and Failure | |
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| What Prolog Is Good For | |
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| A Second Look at Prolog | |
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| Unification | |
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| A Procedural View | |
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| An Implementational View | |
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| An Abstract View--Proof Trees | |
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| The Lighter Side of Prolog | |
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| Cost Models | |
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| A Cost Model for Lists | |
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| A Cost Model for Function Calls | |
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| A Cost Model for Prolog Search | |
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| A Cost Model for Arrays | |
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| Spurious Cost Models | |
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| A Third Look at Prolog | |
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| Numeric Computation | |
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| Problem Space Search | |
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| Formal Semantics | |
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| Language One | |
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| Language Two--Adding Variables | |
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| Language Three--Adding Functions | |
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| Other Kinds of Formal Semantics | |
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| The History of Programming Languages | |
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| The Prehistory of Programming | |
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| Early Programming Languages | |
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| This Book's Languages | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Index | |