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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What's New? | |
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| Goodbye | |
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| How To Use The Book | |
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| What Background Knowledge Do I Need? | |
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| Do The Chapters Get More Difficult As I Go Through The Book? | |
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| Why Do I Keep Seeing Stupid Faces Everywhere? | |
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| What is on the CD-ROM? | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Dedication | |
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| Symbols Used In This Book | |
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| Mathematical Operators | |
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| Greek Symbols | |
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| English Symbols | |
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| Home Maths Revision | |
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| Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me To Learn Statistics? | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| What The Hell Am I Doing Here? I Don't Belong Here | |
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| Initial Observation: Finding Something That Needs Explaining | |
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| Generating Theories And Testing Them | |
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| What To Measure | |
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| How To Measure | |
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| Analysing Data | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Stats Quiz | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Statistics (Well, Sort of) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Building Statistical Models | |
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| Populations And Samples | |
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| Simple Statistical Models | |
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| Going Beyond The Data | |
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| Using Statistical Models To Test Research Questions | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Stats Quiz | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| The SPSS Environment | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Versions Of SPSS | |
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| Getting Started | |
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| The Data Editor | |
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| The SPSS Viewer | |
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| The SPSS Smartviewer | |
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| The Syntax Window | |
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| Saving Files | |
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| Retrieving A File | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Task | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exploring Data With Graphs | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| The Art Of Presenting Data | |
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| The SPSS Chart Builder | |
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| Histograms: A Good Way To Spot Obvious Problems | |
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| Boxplots (Box-Whisker Diagrams) | |
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| Graphing Means: Bar Charts And Error Bars | |
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| Line Charts | |
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| Graphing Relationships: The Scatterplot | |
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| Editing Graphs | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Exploring Assumptions | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| What Are Assumptions? | |
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| Assumptions Of Parametric Data | |
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| The Assumption Of Normality | |
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| Testing Whether A Distribution Is Normal | |
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| Testing For Homogeneity Of Variance | |
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| Correcting Problems In The Data | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Correlation | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Looking At Relationships | |
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| How Do We Measure Relationships? | |
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| Data Entry For Correlation Analysis Using SPSS | |
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| Bivariate Correlation | |
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| Partial Correlation | |
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| Comparing Correlations | |
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| Calculating The Effect Size | |
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| How To Report Correlation Coefficents | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Task | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Regression | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| An Introduction To Regression | |
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| Doing Simple Regression On SPSS | |
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| Interpreting A Simple Regression | |
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| Multiple Regression: The Basics | |
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| How Accurate Is My Regression Model? | |
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| How To Do Multiple Regression Using SPSS | |
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| Interpreting Multiple Regression | |
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| What If I Violate An Assumption? | |
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| How To Report Multiple Regression | |
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| Categorical Predictors And Multiple Regression | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Task | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Background To Logistic Regression | |
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| What Are The Principles Behind Logistic Regression? | |
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| Assumptions And Things That Can Go Wrong | |
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| Binary Logistic Regression: An Example That Will Make You Feel Eel | |
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| Interpreting Logistic Regression | |
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| How To Report Logistic Regression | |
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| Testing Assumptions: Another Example | |
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| Predicting Several Categories: Multinomial Logistic Regression | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Comparing Two Means | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Looking At Differences | |
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| The T-Test | |
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| The Dependent T-Test | |
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| The Independent T-Test | |
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| Between Groups Or Repeated Measures? | |
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| The T-Test As A General Linear Model | |
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| What If My Data Are Not Normally Distributed? | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Task | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Comparing Several Means: Anova (GLM 1) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| The Theory Behind ANOVA | |
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| Running One-Way ANOVA On SPSS | |
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| Output From One-Way ANOVA | |
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| Calculating The Effect Size | |
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| Reporting Results From One-Way Independent ANOVA | |
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| Violations Of Assumptions In One-Way Independent ANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Analysis Of Covariance, Ancova (GLM 2) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| What Is ANCOVA? | |
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| Assumptions And Issues In ANCOVA | |
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| Conducting ANCOVA On SPSS | |
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| Interpreting The Output From ANCOVA | |
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| ANCOVA Run As A Multiple Regression | |
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| Testing The Assumption Of Homogeneity Of Regression Slopes | |
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| Calculating The Effect Size | |
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| Reporting Results | |
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| What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In ANCOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Factorial Anova (GLM 3) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Theory Of Factorial ANOVA (Between-Groups) | |
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| Factorial ANOVA Using SPSS | |
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| Output From Factorial ANOVA | |
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| Interpreting Interaction Graphs | |
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| Calculating Effect Sizes | |
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| Reporting The Results Of Two-Way ANOVA | |
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| Factorial ANOVA As Regression | |
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| What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Factorial ANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Repeated Measures Designs (GLM 4) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Introduction To Repeated Measures Designs | |
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| Theory Of One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA | |
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| One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA Using SPSS | |
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| Output For One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Effect Sizes For Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Reporting One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Repeated Measures With Several Independent Variables | |
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| Output For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Effect Sizes For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| Reporting The Results From Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Repeated Measures ANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Fixed Design Anova (GLM 5) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| Fixed Designs | |
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| What Do Men And Women Look For In A Partner? | |
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| Fixed ANOVA On SPSS | |
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| Output For Mixed Factorial ANOVA: Main Analysis | |
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| Calculating Effect Sizes | |
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| Reporting The Results Of Mixed ANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Nonparametric Tests | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| When To Use Non-Parametric Tests | |
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| Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test And Mann-Whitney Test | |
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| Comparing Two Related Conditions: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
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| Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
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| Differences Between Several Related Groups: Friedman's ANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova) | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| When To Use MANOVA | |
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| Introduction: Similarities And Differences To ANOVA | |
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| Theory Of MANOVA | |
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| Practical Issues When Conducting MANOVA | |
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| MANOVA On SPSS | |
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| Output From MANOVA | |
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| Reporting Results From MANOVA | |
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| Following Up MANOVA With Discriminant Analysis | |
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| Output From The Discriminant Analysis | |
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| Reporting Results From Discriminant Analysis | |
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| Some Final Remarks | |
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| What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In MANOVA | |
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| What Have I Discovered About Statistics? | |
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| Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
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| Smart Alex's Tasks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Interesting Real Research | |
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| Exploratory Factor Analysis | |
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| What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
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| When To Use Factor Analysis | |
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| Factors | |
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| Discovering Factors | |