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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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The Study of Us | |
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Overview | |
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Cultural Anthropology and General Anthropology | |
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The Species Known as "Us" | |
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The Four Fields | |
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Cultural Anthropology | |
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Physical Anthropology | |
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Anthropological Archaeology | |
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Linguistic Anthropology | |
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Holism and the Four Fields | |
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Culture and Change | |
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Anthropology and Related Disciplines | |
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Summary | |
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Sociocultural Universals | |
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Overview | |
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The Capacity for Culture | |
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Cumulative Culture | |
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The Capacity for Language | |
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Animal Communication | |
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Attributes of Language | |
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Nine Universals | |
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Sociality | |
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Concepts of Human Relatedness | |
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Transmission of Culture: Enculturation and Diffusion | |
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Religion and Art | |
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Rules Governing Behavior | |
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The Notion of Taboo | |
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Ethnocentrism | |
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Sex and Gender | |
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Age Categories | |
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Economy and Exchange | |
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Reciprocity | |
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Thinking about and Classifying the Environment | |
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Basic Color Terms | |
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Names for Flora and Fauna | |
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Summary | |
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Cultural Variation | |
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Overview | |
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Variation in Key Cultural Institutions | |
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Naming Practices | |
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Kinds of Names | |
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Rites of Passage | |
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Birth Rites | |
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Rites of Initiation | |
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Taboos | |
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Food Taboos | |
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Contact and Verbal Taboos | |
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Enculturation | |
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Ethnocentrism | |
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Racism | |
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Gender | |
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Religion | |
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Animism and Totemism | |
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Organizing Behavior and Belief | |
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Cosmologies and Explanations of the Unknown | |
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Economic Organization | |
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Redistribution | |
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Taxation | |
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Classification | |
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Summary | |
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Where Anthropology Comes From | |
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Overview | |
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The Eighteenth Century | |
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The Enlightenment in Europe and North America | |
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The Nineteenth Century | |
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | |
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Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) | |
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Karl Marx (1818-1883) | |
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Museums | |
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The Early Twentieth Century | |
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Franz Boas (1858-1942) and the Boasian Research Program | |
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Salvage Ethnography | |
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Patterns and Configurations of Culture | |
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Culture and Personality | |
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The Problem of Reductionism | |
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Community Studies | |
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Social Anthropology in Europe | |
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An Exception to Economic Man | |
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The Organization of Primitive Society | |
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Structural-Functionalism | |
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Summary | |
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Contemporary Theory and Method | |
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Overview | |
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Modernism | |
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Cultural Evolution in a New Guise | |
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Social and Cultural Anthropology | |
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Social Structure and Totemism | |
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Ecological and Materialist Theories | |
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Postmodernism | |
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Culture as Text | |
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Power and Discourse | |
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Anthropological Sciences versus Humanist Trends | |
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Methods in Cultural Anthropology | |
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Participation Observation Revisited | |
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Arrival Scenes | |
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Observations and Interviews | |
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Ethnographic Writing | |
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The Ethnographic Toolkit | |
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Demographic Sampling | |
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Studying the Past: Documentary Analysis | |
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Studying the Past: Oral History | |
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Visual Anthropology | |
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Studying the Use of Time | |
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Free Listing | |
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Summary | |
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Social Organization | |
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Overview | |
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One Species, Two Sexes | |
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The Sexual Division of Labor | |
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Gender and Marriage | |
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How and Why People Get Married | |
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Usual Marriage Forms | |
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Contracting of Marriage | |
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Bridewealth | |
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Brideservice | |
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Dowry | |
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Postmarital Residence | |
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Descent Rules | |
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The Atom of Kinship | |
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A Minimal Society Constructed from Kinship | |
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The Classification of Relatives | |
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Hawaiian and Sudanese Kinship Systems | |
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Eskimo Kinship System | |
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The Kindred | |
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Summary | |
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Politics and Power in Society | |
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Overview | |
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The Segmentary Model of Society | |
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Social and Political Differentiation | |
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Egalitarianism | |
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Egalitarianism and Artificial Scarcities | |
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Ranking | |
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Stratification | |
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Theories of the State | |
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Minimal Complexity | |
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Complexification | |
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Hydraulic Theory | |
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Multilinear Evolution | |
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Environmental Circumscription | |
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Complexity and Ethnicity | |
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Centralization of Authority | |
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Ethnic Diversity in States | |
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Summary | |
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Ecology, Landscape, and Culture | |
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Overview | |
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Environmental Impacts of Humans and Their Ancestors | |
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Pleistocene Overkill? | |
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The Impact of Agriculture on Landscapes | |
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The Impact of Hunter-Gatherers on Landscapes | |
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Hunter-Gatherers: Simple and Complex | |
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Simple Hunter-Gatherers | |
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Complex Hunter-Gatherers | |
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Agrarian Society | |
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Extensive Agriculture | |
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The Tropics | |
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Temperate North America | |
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Forest Islands of West Africa | |
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Intensive Agriculture | |
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Nomadic Pastoralism | |
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Industrial Agriculture | |
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Summary | |
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Colonialism and the World System | |
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Overview | |
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What Is Colonialism? | |
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The World System | |
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The Expansion of Europe | |
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Europe and the Americas Encounter Each Other | |
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The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | |
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Millenarianism and New Ethnic Identities | |
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Colonialism in Africa and Australia | |
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The Rise of Money and Capital Markets | |
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Money and Empire | |
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Ethnic Identity | |
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Ethnic Politics and the State | |
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Summary | |
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Collapse and Change | |
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Overview | |
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Explanations for Collapse | |
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Overshoot | |
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Revolt and Rebellion | |
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Climate Change | |
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Conquest and Colonization | |
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A Multivariate View of Collapse | |
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Collapses of Civilization | |
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Foragers and Farmers | |
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Do Foragers Exist? | |
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Loss of Agriculture | |
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Summary | |
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Applications of Cultural Anthropology | |
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Overview | |
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Applied Anthropology | |
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New Methods, New Research | |
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Who Benefits? | |
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Anthropology and the Military | |
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Cultural Anthropology in World War II | |
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Counterinsurgency Efforts during the Cold War | |
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Embedding Anthropologists and the Human Terrain System | |
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Prospects for Applied Anthropology in a Globalized World | |
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Medical Applications | |
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Food Security and Overnutrition | |
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Demystifying Ethnicity and Ethnotourism | |
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Aiding Cooperatives | |
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Summary | |
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Globalization and Indigeneity | |
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Overview | |
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Globalization | |
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Earlier Kinds of Globalization? | |
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The Twenty-First Century | |
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Follow the Money | |
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Globalization and Cultural Anthropology | |
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Indigeneity | |
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Resurgence | |
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Challenges to the Concept of Indigeneity | |
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Indigeneity, Globalization, and Language Loss | |
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Indigeneity and Landscapes | |
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Cultural Anthropology as Transduction | |
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Summary | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Author | |