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| Top Ten Interesting Philosophy Quotes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Greek Philosophy: The Pre-Socratics | |
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| Thales | |
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| Anaximander | |
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| Anaximenes | |
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| The Milesian Approach | |
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| Pythagoras | |
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| Heraclitus | |
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| Parmenides | |
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| Zeno of Elea | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Socrates: The First Moralist | |
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| Socrates and His Questioning Profession | |
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| Socrates in Death | |
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| "Calling Philosophy Down from the Heavens" | |
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| Ethical Doctrines | |
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| Inductive Reasoning and the Socratic Method | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Plato: Dramatist of Reason | |
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| The Life of Plato | |
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| Plato's Dialogues | |
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| Theory of Knowledge: Opinion Versus Knowledge | |
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| Metaphysics: The Forms | |
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| Political Doctrine | |
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| Plato's Ideas about Art | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Aristotle: "The Master of Those Who Know" | |
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| The Life of Aristotle | |
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| Logic | |
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| Metaphysics: Philosophy Begins in Wonder | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Political Thinking | |
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| Aesthetics | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Stoics: The Practical Philosophy | |
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| History of Post-Aristotelian Greece | |
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| Lives of the Stoics | |
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| Zeno: A Virtuous Life | |
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| Epictetus | |
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| Epicurus: The Life of Pleasure | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Early Medieval Philosophy: St. Augustine | |
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| The Life of St. Augustine | |
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| Overcoming Skepticism | |
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| Faith and Reason | |
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| Augustine's View of God | |
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| Morality | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| St. Anselm and Other Significant Medieval Thinkers | |
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| The Life of St. Anselm | |
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| The "Ontological Argument" for God's Existence | |
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| Muslim Philosophy: Avicenna and Averroes | |
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| Jewish Medieval Philosophy: Moses Maimonides | |
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| Peter Abelard | |
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| William of Ockham | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Late Medieval Thought: St. Thomas Aquinas | |
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| The Life of St. Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Synthesizing Scripture and Aristotle | |
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| Faith and Reason | |
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| Aquinas's Five Arguments for God's Existence | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| The Renaissance Period: Leaving Scholasticism Behind | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| Protestant Reformation | |
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| The Copernican Revolution | |
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| Galileo Galilei | |
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| Galileo and the Rejection of Teleology | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Early Empiricism: Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes | |
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| The Life of Francis Bacon | |
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| Bacon's Goal: The Reconstruction of All Knowledge | |
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| The Corruption of the Mind: Bacon's Four Idols | |
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| The Future Philosophy | |
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| The Life of Thomas Hobbes | |
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| The Physics of Knowledge | |
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| Hobbes' Psychological Egoism and the State of Nature | |
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| Politics: The Need for a Social Contract and a Strong Sovereign | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Rene Descartes: The Father of Modern Philosophy | |
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| The Life of Rene Descartes | |
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| Rationalism | |
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| Descartes's Agenda | |
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| Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy | |
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| The Second Meditation: Is There Something That Cannot Be Doubted? | |
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| Descartes's Method | |
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| Descartes's Two Arguments for the Existence of God | |
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| The Mind-Body Relationship | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Philosopher in Exile: Baruch Spinoza | |
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| The Life of Baruch Spinoza | |
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| Pantheism: God Is Everywhere | |
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| The Universe: Freedom and Necessity | |
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| Freedom and Bondage | |
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| Another Rationalist: Wilhelm Leibniz | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Enlightenment Empiricism: Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke | |
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| The Life of Sir Isaac Newton | |
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| The Life of John Locke | |
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| All Knowledge Begins with Sensation | |
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| Simple and Complex Ideas | |
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| Primary Qualities, Secondary Qualities, and Substance | |
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| Degrees of Knowledge | |
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| God and Moral Knowledge | |
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| Natural Law and Natural Rights | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| David Hume: The Radical Skeptic | |
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| The Life of David Hume | |
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| Knowledge Begins with Sense Impressions | |
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| Hume Versus Locke: All Metaphysics Is "Illusion" | |
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| Skepticism about Causality | |
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| Morality | |
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| Another Empiricist: George Berkeley | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Combining Empiricism and Rationalism | |
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| The Life of Immanuel Kant | |
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| Kant's "Copernican Revolution" | |
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| Hume Versus Kant on the Possibilities of Knowledge | |
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| What Appears and What Is: Phenomena and Noumena | |
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| God's Existence Cannot Be Proven | |
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| Ethical Doctrine | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Utilitarianism: A Philosophy of Pleasure and Happiness | |
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| The Life of Jeremy Bentham | |
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| Psychological Hedonism: Pleasure, Pain, and Value | |
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| Bentham: The First Philosopher for Animal Rights | |
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| The Life of John Stuart Mill | |
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| Mill's Version of Utilitarianism | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Karl Marx: Philosopher of Alienation | |
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| The Life of Karl Marx | |
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| Historical Materialism | |
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| Marx on God and Religion | |
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| Ending Alienation: Seeking a Humane Society | |
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| Communism and the New Society | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Soren Kierkegaard: The Father of Existentialism | |
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| The Life of Soren Kierkegaard | |
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| Pascal's Influence on Kierkegaard | |
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| Truth and Subjectivity | |
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| The "Stages on Life's Way" | |
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| The Leap of Faith | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| American Philosophy: William James and Pragmatism | |
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| The Meaning of Pragmatism | |
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| Charles Sanders Peirce | |
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| John Dewey | |
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| William James | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Analytic Philosophy: A New Look at Old Philosophical Problems | |
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| The Analytic Turn | |
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| A. J. Ayer and Logical Positivism | |
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| Bertrand Russell and Analysis | |
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| Bertrand Russell and the Problem of Induction | |
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| Does God Exist? | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Twentieth-Century Existentialism: Existence Precedes Essence | |
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| Jean-Paul Sartre | |
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| Humanity: "Existence Precedes Essence" | |
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| Freedom and Atheism | |
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| Freedom and the Two Modes of Being | |
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| Bad Faith and Authenticity | |
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| Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus and the Absurd | |
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| Martin Heidegger: The Quest for Being | |
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| What is Being? | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| The Legacy of Darwinism and the God Question | |
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| The Present Social Context | |
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| Carl Sagan and The Varieties of Scientific Experience | |
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| Richard Dawkins and The God Delusion | |
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| The "Design Argument" and Other Arguments Revisited | |
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| The Believer's Response | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Contemporary Metaphysics | |
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| Metaphysics in the Analytic Period | |
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| How Do Mind and Body Interact? | |
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| Is the Will Free? Three Positions | |
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| Philosophy of Religion | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Contemporary Ethics | |
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| Ethics and Language: Emotivism | |
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| Metaethics | |
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| Normative Ethics | |
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| Applied Ethics | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Index | |