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| Introduction | |
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| WANs and Routers | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Introduction to Routing Over WANs | |
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| Connecting Routers to WAN Links | |
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| WAN Clocking on DTE and DCE Devices | |
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| WAN Standards | |
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| Creating Inexpensive Leased Lines in a Lab | |
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| Overview of Routing Over WANs | |
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| Router Hardware and Software Components | |
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| Router Components and Cabling | |
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| Internal Router Components | |
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| External Router Interfaces | |
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| Cabling Ethernet LAN Interfaces | |
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| Cabling WAN Interfaces for Leased Lines | |
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| Cabling Other Types of WANs | |
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| Router Management Ports | |
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| Cabling and Accessing a Router Console Port | |
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| Cabling a Router Auxiliary Port | |
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| Comparing the Console and Auxiliary Ports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Introduction to Routers | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Operating the Cisco IOS CLI | |
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| The Cisco IOS CLI | |
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| Router EXEC Modes | |
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| Router Configuration Modes | |
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| Perspectives on What Needs to Be Configured on a Router | |
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| Configuration Process and Configuration Modes | |
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| Cisco IOS Fundamentals | |
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| Cisco IOS Features and Filenames | |
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| Storing Cisco IOS in Flash Memory and RAM | |
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| Two Alternative OSs | |
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| Starting, Configuring, Accessing, and Using a Router | |
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| Initial Booting of a Router | |
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| Performing a Power-On Self Test | |
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| Loading the Bootstrap Program | |
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| Loading the Cisco IOS | |
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| Loading the Startup Configuration into RAM | |
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| Creating an Initial Configuration Using Setup Mode | |
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| Accessing a Router | |
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| Cabling and Accessing a Router Console Port | |
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| Review of Router EXEC and Configuration Modes | |
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| Router Password Basics | |
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| Using a Router CLI | |
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| How to Find the Commands Available from the CLI | |
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| How to Find the Available Options on a Command | |
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| Recalling Old Commands to Save Typing Effort | |
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| Changing the Command on the Command Line | |
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| Automatic Help When a Command Is Mistyped | |
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| Show version Command | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Configuring a Router | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Configuring a Router for Basic Routing | |
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| Reviewing the Configuration Modes | |
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| Configuring Ethernet and Serial Interfaces | |
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| Configuring Clock Rate on a Serial Link | |
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| Configuring Routes | |
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| Summarizing the Working Configurations for R1 and R2 | |
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| Configuring Hostnames and Passwords | |
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| Configuring a Router's Hostname | |
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| User and Enable Mode Passwords | |
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| Examining Operational Status Using show Commands | |
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| Changing the Configuration | |
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| What to Do if the Configuration Is Incorrect | |
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| What to Do After the Configuration Is Correct | |
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| Documenting the Router Configuration | |
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| Configuring Interface Descriptions | |
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| Configuring Login Banners | |
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| Configuring Local Host Tables | |
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| Backing Up the Configuration | |
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| Using TFTP to Back Up a Configuration | |
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| Where to Keep the Backup Configuration Files | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Learning About Other Devices | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Discovering Neighbors Using CDP | |
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| CDP Protocol Operations | |
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| CDP Versions 1 and 2 | |
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| CDP Timers | |
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| Information Learned by CDP | |
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| Configuring and Verifying CDP Operations | |
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| Creating a Network Map Using CDP Information | |
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| Additional CDP Verification and Troubleshooting Commands | |
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| Getting Information and Troubleshooting Remote Devices | |
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| Verifying Which Networking Layers Are Working | |
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| Telnet Basics | |
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| Cisco IOS telnet Command | |
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| Basic Telnet Troubleshooting | |
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| Issues with the Default Name Resolution Method | |
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| Advanced Telnet: Suspending and Switching Between Telnet Connections | |
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| Switching Between Multiple Telnet Connections | |
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| Number of Concurrent Telnets | |
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| Cisco IOS ping and traceroute Commands | |
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| Cisco IOS ping Command | |
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| Cisco IOS traceroute Command | |
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| Summarizing the ping and traceroute Commands | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Managing Cisco IOS Software | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Router Boot Sequence and Loading Cisco IOS Images | |
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| Choosing the Cisco IOS Image During the Router Boot Sequence | |
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| Choosing the Cisco IOS Image Based on the Configuration Register | |
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| Choosing the Cisco IOS Based on boot system Commands | |
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| Loading the First File in Flash Memory | |
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| Broadcasting to Find a Cisco IOS on a TFTP Server | |
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| Loading a Limited-Function OS from ROM | |
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| Troubleshooting and Verifying the Choice of Cisco IOS | |
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| Determining How a Router Should Apply the Five-Step Decision Process | |
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| Determining Which Steps Failed | |
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| Managing Cisco Router IOS and Configuration Files | |
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| Cisco IOS File System | |
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| Cisco IOS Filenames | |
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| Copying and Managing Cisco IOS Images | |
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| Copying Using the Cisco IOS copy Command | |
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| Copying Using the ROMMON tftpdnld Command | |
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| Copying Using ROMMON and Xmodem | |
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| Verifying Cisco IOS Images | |
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| Copying and Managing Cisco IOS Configuration Files | |
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| Copying Configuration Files Using the IOS copy Command | |
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| Copying Configuration Files Using Copy and Paste | |
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| Recovering from Lost Passwords | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Routing and Routing Protocols | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Introduction to Static and Connected IP Routes | |
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| Learning Connected Routes | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Configuring Static Routes in a Small, Nonredundant Network | |
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| Using Static Routes for Dial Backup Using Administrative Distance | |
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| Statically Defined Default Routes | |
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| Verifying Static Routes | |
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| Dynamic Routing Overview | |
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| Terminology Related to Routing Protocols | |
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| Routing Protocol Functions | |
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| Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols | |
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| How Routing Protocols Work: Routing Protocol Algorithms | |
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| Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features | |
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| Link-State Routing Protocol Features | |
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| Routing Protocols Overview | |
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| A Brief Review of IP Routing | |
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| Routing Protocol Features: RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and BGP | |
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| RIP Configuration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Distance Vector Routing Protocols | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Additional Topics of Interest | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Avoiding Loops When Converging Using Distance Vector Routing Protocols | |
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| Review of Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network | |
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| Route Poisoning | |
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| Problem: Counting to Infinity | |
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| Loop-Prevention Features | |
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| Split Horizon | |
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| Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates | |
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| Using Holddown Timers to Prevent Loops in Redundant Networks | |
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| The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer | |
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| Summarizing Loop Avoidance | |
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| Routing Information Protocol | |
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| Configuring RIP Versions 1 and 2 | |
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| Configuring RIP V1 | |
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| Configuring RIP V2 | |
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| Using Both RIP V1 and V2 | |
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| Design Options Impacted by the RIP Version | |
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| Other RIP Configuration Options | |
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| Adjusting RIP Timers | |
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| Disabling Split Horizon | |
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| Configuring Neighbors | |
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| Enabling the passive-interface Command | |
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| Filtering Routes | |
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| RIP Verification and Troubleshooting | |
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| Verifying RIP Operations Using show Commands | |
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| Troubleshooting RIP Operations Using the debug Command | |
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| Choosing the Best Route Among the Possible Routes | |
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| Load Balancing over Multiple Equal-Cost Routes | |
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| Choosing Routes Based on Administrative Distance | |
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| Integrating Static Routes with RIP | |
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| Floating Static Routes | |
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| Advertising Default Routes with RIP | |
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| Classful and Classless Routing Protocols, Routing, and Addressing | |
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| Classless and Classful Routing Protocols | |
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| Classless and Classful Routing | |
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| Classless and Classful Addressing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Additional Topics of Interest | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| ICMP Echo Messages and the ping Command | |
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| ICMP Unreachable: Notifying Hosts When the Packet Cannot Be Delivered | |
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| A Review of IP Routing | |
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| Type Codes for ICMP Unreachable Messages | |
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| ICMP Unreachable Message Formats and Codes | |
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| ICMP Unreachable Messages When a Router Cannot Fragment a Packet | |
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| ICMP TTL Exceeded and Long Routes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Basic Router Troubleshooting | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Examining the Routing Table | |
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| IP Routing (Forwarding) | |
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| The show ip route Command | |
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| IP Routing: Layer 3 Perspective | |
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| IP Routing: Layer 2 Perspective | |
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| Filling the IP Routing Table with Routes | |
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| Comparing Static Routes and Dynamically Learned Routes | |
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| Default Routes and the Gateway of Last Resort | |
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| Administrative Distance | |
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| Choosing Routes Based on the Metric | |
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| Determining the Last Routing Update | |
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| Using Multiple Equal-Cost Routes | |
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| Using Multiple Unequal-Cost Routes Using Variance | |
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| Network Testing Methods and Tips | |
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| Troubleshooting Methods | |
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| Troubleshooting Tips | |
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| Layer 1 Tips | |
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| Layer 2 Tips | |
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| Layer 3 Troubleshooting Using Ping | |
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| Layer 7 Troubleshooting Using Telnet | |
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| Router and Routing Troubleshooting Tips | |
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| Troubleshooting Using the show interfaces Command | |
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| Understanding Routing Interface Status | |
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| Indications of Typical Layer 1 Problems | |
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| Indications of Typical Layer 2 Problems | |
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| Troubleshooting Layer 1 Using the show controllers Command | |
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| Troubleshooting Using the show cdp Command | |
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| Troubleshooting Using the traceroute Command | |
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| Troubleshooting Using the show ip route and show ip protocols Commands | |
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| Troubleshooting Using the debug Command | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Intermediate TCP/IP | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| TCP and UDP Operation | |
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| Flow Control and Windowing | |
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| Flow Control Through Dynamic Sliding Windows | |
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| Flow Control Through Withholding Acknowledgments | |
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| Establishing and Terminating TCP Connections | |
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| Denial-of-Service Attacks and SYN Floods | |
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| TCP Error Recovery (Reliability) | |
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| Segmentation, Reassembly, and In-Order Delivery | |
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| Comparing TCP and UDP | |
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| Operation of Transport Layer Ports | |
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| Connecting to Servers: Well-Known Ports | |
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| Comparing Well-Known, Dynamic, and Registered Ports | |
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| Comparing MAC Addresses, IP Addresses, and Port Numbers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check Your Understanding | |
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| Challenge Questions and Activities | |
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| Access Control Lists | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Additional Topics of Interest | |
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| Key Terms | |