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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Study Aids | |
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| Microbial activity | |
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| The world of microbes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a microbe? | |
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| Having a long past | |
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| Being small | |
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| Being many | |
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| Growing and persisting | |
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| Colonizing every niche and making Earth inhabitable | |
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| Shaping the planet | |
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| Making a living | |
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| Cooperating for complex endeavors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Structure and function | |
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| Prokaryotic cell structure and function: envelopes and appendages | |
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| Prokaryotic cells | |
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| Microscopes | |
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| Prokaryotes have complex envelopes and appendages | |
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| The cell membrane | |
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| How the cell membrane is protected | |
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| Capsules, flagella, and pili: how prokaryotes cope in certain environments | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Prokaryotic cell structure and function: the cell interior | |
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| General observations | |
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| The nucleoid | |
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| The cytoplasm | |
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| Inclusions and vesicles | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Growth | |
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| Growth of microbial populations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How to measure growth of a bacterial culture | |
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| When should the growth rate be determined? | |
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| The law of growth | |
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| Balanced growth | |
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| Continuous culture | |
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| How is the physiology of the cells affected by the growth rate? | |
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| Effects of temperature, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic strength, and pH | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Making a cell | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Growth metabolism: making life from nonlife | |
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| Framework of growth metabolism | |
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| Global effects of growth metabolism | |
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| Summary and plan | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Fueling | |
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| Overview of fueling reactions | |
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| Getting energy and reducing power | |
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| Making precursor metabolites: heterotrophy | |
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| Making precursor metabolites: autotrophy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Biosynthesis | |
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| Some general observations | |
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| Assimilation of nitrogen | |
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| Assimilation of sulfur | |
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| Assimilation of phosphorus | |
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| Pathways to building blocks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Building macromolecules | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DNA | |
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| RNA | |
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| Protein | |
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| Envelope formation | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| Study questions | |
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| The cell division cycle | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strategies for studying the bacterial cell cycle | |
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| DNA replication during the cell cycle | |
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| How is DNA replication regulated? | |
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| Cell division | |
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| The connection between cell division and DNA replication | |
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| Cell division and plasmid replication | |
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| The prokaryotic equivalent of mitosis | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Inheritance | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Exchange of DNA among prokaryotes | |
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| Mutation and sources of genetic variation among prokaryotes | |
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| Genomics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Overview | |
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| Sequence of bases in macromolecules | |
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| The universal ancestor | |
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| Origin of life | |
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| Mechanisms of bacterial evolution | |
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| Early eukaryotes and endosymbiosis | |
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| Evolution of molecules | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Physiology | |
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| Coordination and regulation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evidence for coordination of metabolic reactions | |
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| Two modes of regulation | |
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| Modulation of protein activity | |
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| Modulation of protein amounts | |
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| Cooperative interaction of regulatory devices | |
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| Summary and conclusions: networks for coordination and response | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Succeeding in the environment | |
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| Microbes in their habitat | |
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| Coping with stress as individual cells | |
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| Coping with stress by community effort | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Differentiation and development | |
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| Overview | |
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| Endospores | |
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| Development of Caulobacter crescentus | |
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| Development of myxobacteria | |
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| Other bacteria that undergo differentiation and development | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Prokaryotic microbes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Making order of prokaryotic diversity | |
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| Prokaryotic species | |
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| Extent of prokaryotic diversity | |
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| Higher taxa of prokaryotes | |
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| Archaea | |
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| Bacteria | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Eukaryotic microbes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fungi | |
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| Protists | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Viruses, viroids, and prions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Size and shape | |
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| Ecology and classification | |
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| Viral replication | |
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| Lysogeny and integration into the host genome | |
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| Viroids and prions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Interactions | |
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| Ecology | |
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| Overview | |
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| Methods of microbial ecology | |
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| Biogeochemical cycles | |
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| Solid substrates | |
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| Microbial ecosystems | |
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| The future of microbial ecology | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Symbiosis, predation, and antibiosis | |
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| Symbiosis | |
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| Behavioral changes due to parasitism | |
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| Predation | |
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| Antibiotics and bacteriocins | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Infection: the vertebrate host | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Host defenses | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Infection: the microbe | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Case reports | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Microbes and human history | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How infectious diseases change | |
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| Microbial agents of warfare | |
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| Coping with danger in a microbial world | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Suggested reading | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Putting microbes to work | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Various uses of microbes | |
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| Making better wines: the malolactic fermentation | |
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| Protecting plants and making snow: ice-minus bacteria | |
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| Using microbes to make protein drugs: insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) | |
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| Microbial enzymes: sweeteners from corn | |
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| Biological insecticides: Bt | |
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| Undoing pollution: bioremediation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study questions | |
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| Coda | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Answers to Study Questions | |
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| Figure and Table Credits | |
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| Index | |