| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Health | |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Transmission of Disease | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Analytic Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Study Designs | |
| |
| |
| Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| Biostatistics | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Literature | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data and Descriptive Measures | |
| |
| |
| Data and Related Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Populations, Samples, and Random Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Scales of Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Summarizing and Presenting Nominal and Ordinal Data | |
| |
| |
| Summarizing and Presenting Numerical Data | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standardizing Rates | |
| |
| |
| Age-Specific Rates | |
| |
| |
| Direct Method of Standardization | |
| |
| |
| Indirect Method of Standardization | |
| |
| |
| Uses of Standardized Rates | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describing Data with Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Arithmetic-Scale and Logarithmic-Scale Line Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Bar Chart | |
| |
| |
| Pie Chart | |
| |
| |
| Histogram | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Polygon | |
| |
| |
| Area Map | |
| |
| |
| Spot Map | |
| |
| |
| Stem-and-Leaf Plot | |
| |
| |
| Box Plot | |
| |
| |
| Scatter Plot | |
| |
| |
| Population Pyramid | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Tables* | |
| |
| |
| Calculation of the Probability of Dying (q<subx</sub>) | |
| |
| |
| Calculation of the Remaining Life Table | |
| |
| |
| Abridging the Complete Life Table | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Cause Life Table | |
| |
| |
| Years of Potential Life Lost | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probability | |
| |
| |
| Probability Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Mutually Exclusive Events versus Independent Events | |
| |
| |
| Conditional Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| Rule for Multiplying Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| Independent Events | |
| |
| |
| Bayes' Theorem | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Random Variables and Probability Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| The Binomial Probability Distribution | |
| |
| |
| The Poisson Probability Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| Normal Probability Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Normal Approximation to the Binomial | |
| |
| |
| Sampling Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Sampling Distribution of the Mean | |
| |
| |
| The Central Limit Theorem | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation and Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| Estimators | |
| |
| |
| Confidence Intervals for Normal Means and Known Variance | |
| |
| |
| t Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Confidence Intervals for Normal Means and Unknown | |
| |
| |
| Variance 157Confidence Intervals for the Binomial with Large Sample Sizes | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| The P Value | |
| |
| |
| Type I and Type II Errors | |
| |
| |
| Research Question about the Mean in One Group | |
| |
| |
| Research Question about a Proportion in One Group | |
| |
| |
| Research Question about Means in Two Separate Groups | |
| |
| |
| Research Question about Proportions in Two Independent Groups | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Differences Using Error Bar Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Chi-Square Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Research Question about Means in Three or More Groups | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample Size | |
| |
| |
| Sample Size Techniques for Analytic Studies | |
| |
| |
| Loss to Follow-Up | |
| |
| |
| Fixed Sample Size | |
| |
| |
| Ways to Minimize Sample Size and Maximize Power | |
| |
| |
| Sample Size Techniques for Descriptive Studies | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study Designs | |
| |
| |
| Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Cross-Sectional Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Ecologic Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Case-Control Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Cohort Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Nested Case-Control Study Design | |
| |
| |
| Chance, Bias, and Confounding | |
| |
| |
| Chance | |
| |
| |
| Bias | |
| |
| |
| Confounding | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Measures of Association Among Variables | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Statistical Techniques and Tests by Variable Type | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Association for Two-Level Nominal Exposure and Outcome Variables | |
| |
| |
| Case-Control Study | |
| |
| |
| Cohort Study | |
| |
| |
| Cross-Sectional Study | |
| |
| |
| A Note on the Risk and Odds Ratios | |
| |
| |
| Some Cohort-Based Measures | |
| |
| |
| Sample Size Estimation for the Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Studies | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Study Designs | |
| |
| |
| Random Assignment | |
| |
| |
| Nonrandom Assignment | |
| |
| |
| Blinding | |
| |
| |
| Designing a Clinical Trial | |
| |
| |
| Other Selected Types of Experimental Studies | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Survival Analysis* | |
| |
| |
| The Life Table Method | |
| |
| |
| The Product Limit Method | |
| |
| |
| Log-Rank Test | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cause and Effect | |
| |
| |
| Causal Inference | |
| |
| |
| Causal Models | |
| |
| |
| Modes of Disease Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
| Web of Causation | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| SAS Procedure Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Model Building | |
| |
| |
| |
| Answers to Chapter Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Index | |