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| Preface to Fourth Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Authors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pollutants and Their Fate in Ecosystems | |
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| Major Classes of Pollutants | |
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| Inorganic Ions | |
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| Metals | |
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| Anions | |
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| Organic Pollutants | |
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| Hydrocarbons | |
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| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | |
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| Polychlorinated Benzodioxins (PCDDs) | |
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| Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) | |
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| Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) | |
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| Organochlorine Insecticides | |
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| Organophosphorous Insecticides (OPs) | |
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| Carbamate Insecticides | |
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| Pyrethroid Insecticides | |
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| Neonicotinoids | |
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| Phenoxy Herbicides (Plant Growth Regulators) | |
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| Anticoagulant Rodenticides | |
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| Detergents | |
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| Chlorophenols | |
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| Ethinylestradiol (EE2) | |
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| Pharmaceuticals | |
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| Organometallic Compounds | |
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| Radioactive Isotopes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Natures and Intensities of Radioactive Decay Products | |
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| Half-Lives | |
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| Biochemistry | |
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| Gaseous Pollutants | |
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| Nanoparticles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Routes by which Pollutants Enter Ecosystems | |
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| Entry into Surface Waters | |
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| Contamination of Land | |
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| Discharge into Atmosphere | |
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| Quantification of Release of Pollutants | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Long-Range Movements and Global Transport of Pollutants | |
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| Factors Determining Movements and Distributions of Pollutants | |
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| Polarity and Water Solubility | |
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| Partition Coefficients | |
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| Vapor Pressure | |
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| Partition between Environmental Compartments | |
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| Molecular Stability and Recalcitrant Molecules | |
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| Transport in Water | |
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| Transport in Air | |
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| Models for Environmental Distribution of Chemicals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Fate of Metals and Radioactive Isotopes in Contaminated Ecosystems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Localization | |
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| Persistence | |
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| Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors | |
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| Bioavailability | |
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| Cocktails of Inorganic Pollutants | |
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| Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Metals | |
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| Radioactivity | |
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| Aquatic Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Fates of Organic Pollutants in Individuals and in Ecosystems | |
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| Fate within Individual Organisms | |
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| General Model | |
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| Processes of Uptake | |
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| Processes of Distribution | |
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| Storage | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Sites of Excretion | |
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| Toxicokinetic Models | |
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| Toxicokinetic Models for Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation | |
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| Organic Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Fate in Soils | |
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| Transfer along Terrestrial Food Chains | |
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| Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems | |
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| Pollutants in Sediments | |
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| Transfer along Aquatic Food Chains | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Effects of Pollutants on Individual Organisms | |
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| Testing for Ecotoxicity | |
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| General Principles | |
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| Determination of Toxicities of Mixtures | |
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| Toxicity Testing with Terrestrial Organisms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Invertebrate Testing | |
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| Testing with Earthworms | |
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| Tests with Springtails | |
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| Tests with Beneficial Arthropods | |
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| Automated Videotracking | |
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| Vertebrates | |
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| Plants | |
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| Toxicity Testing with Aquatic Organisms | |
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| Tests for Direct Absorption from Water | |
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| Sediment Toxicity Tests | |
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| Risk Assessment | |
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| Field Testing for Toxicity | |
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| Alternative Methods in Ecotoxicity Testing | |
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| Alternative Methods for Estimating Toxicity to Vertebrates | |
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| Toxicity Testing on Live Vertebrates | |
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| Toxicity Testing on Nonvertebrates | |
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| Toxicity Testing on Cellular Systems | |
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| Predictive Models | |
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| Alternative Approaches toward More Ecological End Points | |
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| Field Studies | |
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| Microcosms and Msocosms | |
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| Theoretical Models | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Biochemical Effects of Pollutants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Protective Biochemical Responses | |
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| Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity | |
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| Examples of Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity | |
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| Genotoxic Compounds | |
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| Neurotoxic Compounds | |
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| Mitochondrial Poisons | |
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| Vitamin K Antagonists | |
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| Thyroxine Antagonists | |
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| Inhibition of ATPases | |
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| Environmental Estrogens and Androgens | |
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| Reactions with Protein Sulfhydryl (SH) Groups | |
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| Photosystems of Plants | |
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| Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Physiological Effects of Pollutants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effects of Pollutants at Cellular Level | |
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| Effects at Organ Level in Animals | |
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| Effects at Whole Organism Level | |
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| Neurophysiological Effects | |
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| Effects on Behavior | |
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| Reproductive Effects | |
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| Effects on Plants | |
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| Energy Costs of Physiological Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Interactive Effects of Pollutants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Additive Effects | |
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| Potentiation of Toxicity | |
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| Potentiation Due to Inhibition of Detoxification | |
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| Potentiation from Increased Activation | |
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| Field Detection of Potentiation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Biomarkers | |
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| Classification of Biomarkers | |
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| Specificity of Biomarkers | |
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| Relationship of Biomarkers to Adverse Effects | |
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| Specific Biomarkers | |
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| Inhibition of Esterases | |
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| The Induction of Monooxygenases | |
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| Studies of Genetic Materials | |
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| Porphyrins and Heme Synthesis | |
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| Induction of Vitellogenin | |
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| Behavioral Biomarkers | |
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| Biomarkers in Plants | |
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| Role of Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| In Situ Biological Monitoring | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Community Effects (Type 1 Biomonitoring) | |
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| Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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| Marine Ecosystems | |
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| Bioconcentration of Pollutants (Type 2 Biomonitoring) | |
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| Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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| Marine Ecosystems | |
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| Effects of Pollutants (Type 3 Biomonitoring) | |
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| Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
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| Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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| Marine Ecosystems | |
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| Genetically Based Resistance to Pollution (Type 4 Biomonitoring) | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Effects of Pollutants on Populations and Communities | |
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| Changes in Numbers: Population Dynamics | |
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| Population Abundance | |
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| Population Growth Rate | |
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| Population Growth Rate Depends on the Properties of Individual Organisms | |
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| The Life History and Population Growth Rate of the Coastal Copepod Eurytemora affinis | |
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| Density Dependence | |
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| Identifying Which Factors Are Density Dependent: k-Value Analysis | |
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| Interactions between Species | |
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| Field Studies: Three Case Studies | |
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| The Decline of the Partridges | |
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| Population Studies of Pesticides and Birds of Prey in the UK | |
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| The Boxworth Project (Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Pesticides on Farmland) | |
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| Modeling the Effects of Insecticides on Skylarks for Risk Assessment Purposes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Evolution of Resistance to Pollution | |
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| Chronic Pollution Is Environmental Change | |
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| Evolutionary Processes in Constant Environments | |
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| The Evolution of Resistance When There Is a Mortality-Production Trade-Off | |
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| Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Changes | |
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| Monogenic Resistance | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Evolution of Pesticide Resistance | |
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| Evolution of Metal Tolerance in Plants | |
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| Evolution of Industrial Melanism | |
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| Evolutionary Response of Dog Whelks, Nucella lapillus, to TBT Contamination | |
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| Evolution of Resistance to Pollution in Estuaries | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Changes in Communities and Ecosystems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Changes in Soil Processes: The Functional Approach | |
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| Changes in Compositions of Communities: The Structural Approach | |
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| Changes in Soil Ecosystems | |
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| Acidification of Lakes and Rivers | |
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| Mesocosms | |
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| Global Processes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Extrapolating from Molecular Interactions to Consequent Effects at Population Level | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Translation of Toxic Effects across Organizational Boundaries | |
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| From Effects at Site of Action to Localized Cellular Disturbances | |
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| Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System | |
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| Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes | |
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| Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds | |
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| Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish | |
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| From Cellular Disturbances to Effects at Whole Organism Level | |
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| Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System | |
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| Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes | |
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| Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds | |
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| Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish | |
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| From Effects on Whole Organism to Population Effects | |
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| Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System | |
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| Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes | |
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| Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands | |
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| Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors in Fish | |
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| Complete Causal Chain | |
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| Biomarker Strategies | |
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| Establishing Causality Where Pollution Already Exists | |
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| Biomarker Strategies in the Field | |
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| Control Problems | |
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| Selection of Biomarkers for Field Studies | |
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| Biomarkers and Environmental Risk Assessment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Biomarkers in Population Studies | |
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| DDE-Induced Eggshell Thinning in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds | |
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| Reproductive Failure of Fish-Eating Birds on Great Lakes of North America | |
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| Reproductive Failures of Mollusks Caused by Tributyl Tin | |
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| Forest Spraying in Eastern Canada to Control Spruce Budworm | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Ecotoxicology: Looking to the Future | |
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| Changing Patterns of Chemical Pollution | |
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| Environmental Risk Assessment | |
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| The Use of Models in Population Risk Assessment | |
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| Technological Advances and New Biomarker Assays | |
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| A Better Integrated Approach to Environmental Risk Assessment? | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |