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| Contributor contact details | |
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| Bone cements in medicine | |
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| Bone disease | |
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| Bone disease | |
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| Osteoporosis | |
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| Osteomalacia and rickets | |
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| Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) | |
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| Malignancy | |
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| Hyperparathyroidism | |
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| Osteomyelitis | |
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| Prosthesis-related infection | |
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| Current state of the use of bone cement in the United Kingdom | |
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| Other potentially useful applications of cements in bone | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgement | |
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| References | |
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| Hip replacements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General principles | |
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| Bone cements | |
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| Fixation of components with cement | |
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| Long-term results | |
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| Long-term problems | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Knee replacements | |
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| Relevant anatomy of the knee joint | |
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| Conditions causing knee arthritis | |
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| Clinical and radiological assessment of an arthritic knee | |
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| Treatment options for osteoarthritis | |
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| Indicators for total knee replacement | |
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| Evolution of knee replacements | |
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| Implant design rationales | |
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| The cemented total knee replacement | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vertebral compression fractures | |
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| Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty | |
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| Clinical outcomes | |
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| Clinical experiences with injectable bone cements | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacers in hip surgery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Construction of hip spacers | |
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| Diagnosis of infection | |
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| Consistency and function of antibiotic-loaded hip spacers | |
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| Mechanical stability and behaviour of hip spacers | |
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| Pathogenic organisms | |
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| Antibiotic choice | |
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| Antibiotic elution | |
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| Clinical experience | |
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| Girdlestone or spacer? | |
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| New techniques | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Commercial aspects and delivery systems of bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Commercial aspects: cemented versus cementless fixation | |
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| Mixing and delivery systems of bone cements | |
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| Regulatory aspects | |
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| Future trends | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Wear particles and osteolysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cellular cascade and mediators of osteolysis | |
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| Morphology and bioreactivity of wear debris | |
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| Osteolysis | |
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| Cement debris | |
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| Polyethylene wear debris | |
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| Metallic wear debris | |
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| Ceramic wear debris | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Materials | |
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| Acrylic bone cement: genesis and evolution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hip and knee joint | |
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| Acrylic bone cement | |
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| Regulatory perspectives | |
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| Sterilization of bone cements | |
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| Fluoride and other additives in bone cements | |
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| Other applications of acrylic bone cement | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cement: chemical composition and chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical composition | |
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| Setting process | |
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| Polymerisation reaction and kinetics | |
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| Free radical studies on acrylic bone cements | |
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| Curing parameters: standards | |
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| Rheology of acrylic home cements | |
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| Low molecular weight residuals after curing | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Calcium phosphate bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical overview: calcium phosphate cements versus acrylic cements | |
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| Chemistry of calcium phosphate cements | |
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| Basic properties of calcium phosphate cements | |
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| Applications of calcium phosphate cements: present and future perspectives | |
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| References | |
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| Properties of bone cement | |
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| Mechanical properties of bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nature and structure of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement | |
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| Test standards | |
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| Mechanical properties: short-term strength of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement | |
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| Factors affecting the microstructure-mechanical properties relationship | |
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| Modification of acrylic bone cements | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Fracture toughness and fatigue characteristics of bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Factors affecting fracture toughness and fatigue resistance of bone cement | |
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| The effect of loading mode on fracture and fatigue | |
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| The effect of porosity on fracture and fatigue | |
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| The effect of inclusions on fracture and fatigue | |
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| The effect of cement chemistry on fracture and fatigue | |
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| Bone cement failure in joint replacements | |
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| Failure at interfaces | |
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| Residual stress and the initiation of damage | |
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| Viscoelasticity, creep and creep-fatigue interaction | |
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| Fracture and fatigue properties | |
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| References | |
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| Dynamic mechanical properties of bone cements | |
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| A brief introduction to viscoelasticity in polymers | |
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| Regions of viscoelasticity | |
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| Theory of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) | |
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| Material properties measured through dynamic mechanical analysis | |
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| Applications of dynamic mechanical analysis in the characterisation of polymeric biomaterials | |
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| Applications of dynamic mechanical analysis in the characterisation of bone cements | |
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| Future trends | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Enhancing the properties of bone cements | |
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| Antibiotic-loaded bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Demands on acrylic bone cement systems | |
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| Antibiotic-loaded bone cements | |
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| The effect of antibiotics on the mechanical properties of the bone cement | |
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| Release of antibiotics from bone cements | |
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| Other additives in bone cement | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Modifications of bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modulation of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of bone cements and the consequences on the properties and behaviour of such formulations | |
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| Control of the flexibility or stiffness of acrylic cement formulations | |
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| Modification of formulations with bioactive and functionalised components with pharmacological activity | |
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| Improvement and modulation of the radiopaque character | |
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| New biohybrid composites for bone and cartilage regeneration | |
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| Future directions in the design and development of cements with specific properties | |
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| References | |
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| Design of bioactive bone cement based on organic-inorganic hybrids | |
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| The need for bioactive bone cements | |
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| How do materials exhibit bioactivity? | |
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| Design of bioactive bone cements using bioactive ceramics | |
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| Bioactive organic-inorganic hybrids | |
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| Design of bioactive bone cements based on organic-inorganic hybrids | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical aspects of calcium phosphate bone cements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Material characteristics | |
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| Surgical technique | |
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| Complications during surgery | |
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| Clinical applications | |
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| Future trends | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |