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| Understanding Situation Awareness in System Design | |
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| User-Centered Design | |
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| Who Is This Book For? | |
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| Why Do We Need User-Centered Design? | |
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| What Does User-Centered Design Mean? | |
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| Principles for User-Centered Design | |
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| Situation Awareness: The Key to User-Centered Design | |
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| What Is Situation Awareness? | |
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| SA Defined | |
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| Time as a Part of SA | |
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| Situation Awareness as a Product of the Process | |
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| Perception and Attention | |
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| Working Memory | |
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| Mental Models, Schema, and Scripts | |
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| Goals and SA | |
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| Expectations | |
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| Automaticity and SA | |
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| Summary | |
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| SA Demons: The Enemies of Situation Awareness | |
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| Attentional Tunneling | |
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| Requisite Memory Trap | |
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| Workload, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Other Stressors | |
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| Data Overload | |
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| Misplaced Salience | |
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| Complexity Creep | |
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| Errant Mental Models | |
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| Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design Process | |
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| Systems Development Life Cycle | |
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| User Interface Design Process | |
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| Situation Awareness-Oriented Design | |
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| Creating Situation Awareness-Oriented Designs | |
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| Determining SA Requirements | |
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| Goal-Directed Task Analysis | |
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| Methodology Overview | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Determining the Preliminary Goal Structure | |
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| Future Interviews | |
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| Interview Issues | |
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| Organizational Tips | |
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| GDTA Validation | |
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| Principles of Designing for SA | |
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| From Theory to Design | |
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| Case Study: SA-Oriented Design | |
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| Confidence and Uncertainty in SA and Decision Making | |
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| Uncertainty | |
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| Types and Sources of Uncertainty | |
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| Role of Confidence in Linking SA and Decision Making | |
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| Management of Uncertainty | |
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| Design Principles for Representing Uncertainty | |
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| Dealing with Complexity | |
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| Simplified View of Complexity | |
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| Design Principles for Taming Complexity | |
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| Alarms, Diagnosis, and SA | |
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| An Alarming Practice | |
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| Processing Alarms in the Context of SA | |
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| Principles for the Design of Alarm Systems | |
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| Automation and Situation Awareness | |
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| Automation: A Help or a Hindrance? | |
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| Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome | |
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| Automation and Level of Understanding | |
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| Decision Support Dilemma | |
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| New Approaches to Automation | |
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| Principles for Designing Automated Systems | |
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| Designing to Support SA for Multiple and Distributed Operators | |
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| Team Operations | |
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| SA in Teams | |
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| What Is Shared SA? | |
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| Critical Factors Affecting SA in Teams | |
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| SA in Distributed Teams | |
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| SA Breakdowns in Teams | |
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| Design Principles for Supporting Team Operations | |
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| Unmanned and Remotely Operated Vehicles | |
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| Unmanned Vehicles for Many Uses | |
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| Classes of Unmanned Vehicle Control | |
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| Human Error in Unmanned Vehicle Operations | |
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| Situation Awareness Requirements for Unmanned Vehicle Operations | |
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| Challenges for SA in Remote Operations | |
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| Factors for Effective Design of Unmanned Vehicle Tasks and Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| SA Oriented Training | |
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| Need for Training to Enhance SA | |
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| Challenges for Novices | |
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| Mental Models Form a Key Mechanism for Expertise | |
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| Schema of Prototypical Situations or Patterns | |
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| Critical Skills for SA | |
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| Examples of SA Deficits in Novices | |
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| Training Approaches for Improving Situation Awareness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Completing the Design Cycle | |
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| Evaluating Design Concepts for SA | |
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| Indirect Measures of Situation Awareness | |
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| Direct Measures of Situation Awareness | |
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| Measuring Team SA | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Applying SA-Oriented Design to Complex Systems | |
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| Combating the Enemies of Situation Awareness | |
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| SA-Oriented Design Synergy | |
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| System Evaluation | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Goal-Directed Task Analysis for Commercial Airline Pilots | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |