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| SPSS Prefix: General Overview and Guide for Using SPSS | |
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| Overview of SPSS: What are you looking at? | |
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| Preview of SPSS in Focus | |
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| Introduction to Statistics | |
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| Descriptive and inferential statistics | |
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| Statistics in research | |
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| Scales of measurement | |
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| Types of data | |
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| Research in Focus: Types of data and scales of measurement | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Entering and defining variables | |
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| Summarizing Data: Tables, Graphs, and Distributions | |
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| Why summarize data? | |
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| Frequency distributions for grouped data | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for quantitative data | |
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| Frequency distributions for ungrouped data | |
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| Research in Focus: Summarizing demographic information | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for categorical data | |
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| Pictorial frequency distributions | |
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| Graphing distributions: Continuous data | |
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| Graphing distributions: Discrete and categorical data | |
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| Research in Focus: Frequencies and percents | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Histograms, bar charts, and pie charts | |
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| Summarizing Data: Central Tendency | |
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| Introduction to central tendency | |
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| Measures of central tendency | |
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| Characteristics of the mean | |
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| Choosing an appropriate measure of central tendency | |
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| Research in Focus: Describing central tendency | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Mean, median, and mode | |
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| Summarizing Data: Variability | |
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| Measuring variability | |
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| Range and midrange | |
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| Research in Focus: Reporting the range | |
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| Measures of variability: Quartiles and interquartiles | |
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| Research in Focus: The �ǣmidrange of behaviorï¿½Ç | |
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| The variance | |
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| Explaining variance for populations and samples | |
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| The computational formula for variance | |
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| The Standard deviation | |
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| What does the standard deviation tell us? | |
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| Characteristics of the standard deviation | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Range, variance, and standard deviation | |
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| Probability | |
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| Introduction to probability | |
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| Calculating probability | |
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| Probability and relative frequency | |
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| The relationship between multiple outcomes | |
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| Conditional probabilities and Bayes��� Theorem | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Probability tables | |
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| Probability distributions | |
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| The mean of a probability distribution and expected value | |
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| Research in Focus: When are risks worth taking? | |
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| The variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution | |
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| Expected value and the binomial distribution | |
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| a final thought on the likelihood of random behavioral outcomes | |
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| Probability and Normal Distributions | |
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| The normal distribution in behavioral science | |
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| Characteristics of the normal distribution | |
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| Research in Focus: The statistical norm | |
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| The standard normal distribution | |
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| The unit normal table: a brief introduction | |
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| Locating proportions | |
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| Locating scores | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Converting raw scores to standard z-scores | |
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| Going from binomial to normal | |
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| The normal approximation to the binomial distribution | |
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| Probability and Sampling Distributions | |
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| Selecting samples from populations | |
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| Selecting a sample: Who���s in and who���s out? | |
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| Sampling distributions: The mean | |
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| Sampling distributions: The variance | |
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| The standard error of the mean | |
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| Factors that decrease standard error | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Estimating the standard error of the mean | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the standard error | |
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| Standard normal transformations with sampling distributions | |
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| Introduction to Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Inferential Statistics and hypothesis testing | |
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| Four steps to hypothesis testing | |
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| Hypothesis testing and sampling distributions | |
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| Making a decision: Types of error | |
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| Testing a research hypothesis: Examples using the z-test | |
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| Research in Focus: Directional versus non-directional tests | |
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| Measuring the size of an effect: Cohen���s d | |
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| Effect size, power, and sample size | |
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| Additional factors that increase power | |
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| SPSS in Focus: a preview for Chapters 9 to 18 | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the test statistic and effect size | |
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| Testing Means: Independent Sample t-Tests | |
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| Going from z to t | |
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| The degrees of freedom | |
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| Reading the t-table | |
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| One-independent sample t-test | |
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| Effect size for the one-independent sample t-test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: One-independent sample t-test | |
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| Two-independent sample t-test | |
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| Effect size for the two-independent sample t-test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Two-independent sample t-test | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size | |
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| Testing Means: Related Samples t-Test | |
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| Related and independent samples | |
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| Introduction to the related samples t-test | |
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| Related samples t-test: Repeated measures design | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The related samples t-test | |
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| Related samples t-test: Matched pairs design | |
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| Measuring effect size for the related samples t-test | |
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| Advantages for selecting related samples | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size for related samples | |
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| Estimation and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Point estimation and interval estimation | |
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| The process of estimation | |
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| Estimation for the one-independent sample z-test | |
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| Estimation for the one-independent sample t-test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the one-independent t-test | |
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| Estimation for the two-independent sample t-test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the two-independent t-test | |
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| Estimation for the related samples t-test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the related samples t-test | |
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| Characteristics of estimation: Precisions and certainty | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting confidence intervals | |
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| Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design | |
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| Increasing k: a shift to analyzing variance | |
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| An introduction to analysis of variance | |
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| Sources of variation and the test statistic | |
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| Degrees of freedom | |
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| The one-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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| What is the next step? | |
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| Post hoc comparisons | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The one-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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| Measuring effect size | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size | |
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| Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects Design | |
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| Observing the same participants across treatments | |
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| Sources of variation and the test statistic | |
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| Degrees of freedom | |
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| The one-way within-subjects ANOVA | |
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| Post hoc comparison: Bonferroni procedure | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The one-way within-subjects ANOVA | |
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| Measuring effect size | |
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| The within-subjects design: Consistency and power | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Between-Subjects Factorial Design | |
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| Observing two factors at the same time | |
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| New terminology and notation | |
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| Designs for the two-way ANOVA | |
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| Describing variability: Main effects and interactions | |
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| The two-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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| Analyzing main effects and interactions | |
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| Measuring effect size | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The two-way between-subjects ANOVA | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting main effects, interactions, and effect size | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Treating factors as dependent measures | |
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| Describing a correlation | |
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| Pearson correlation coefficient | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Pearson correlation coefficient | |
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| Assumptions of tests for linear correlations | |
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| Limitations in interpretation: Causality, outliers, and restriction of range | |
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| Alternative to Pearson r: Spearman correlation coefficient | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Spearman correlation coefficient | |
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| Alternative to Pearson r: Point-biserial correlation coefficient | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Point-biserial correlation coefficient | |
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| Alternative to Pearson r: Phi correlation coefficient | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Phi correlation coefficient | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting correlations | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| From relationships to predictions | |
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| Fundamentals of linear regression | |
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| What makes the regression line the best fitting line? | |
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| The slope and y-intercept of a straight line | |
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| Using the method of least squares to find the best fit | |
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| Using analysis of regression to measure significance | |
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| SPSS in Focus: Analysis of regression | |
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| Using the standard error of estimate to measure accuracy | |
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| Multiple regression | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting regression analysis | |
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| Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests | |
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| Tests for nominal data | |
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| The chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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| Interpreting the chi-square goodness-of-fit test | |
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| Independent observations and expected frequency size | |
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| The chi-square test for independence | |
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| The relationship between chi-square and the phi coefficient | |
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| Using the phi coefficient as a measure for effect size | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The chi-square test for independence | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting the chi-square test | |
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| Nonparametric Tests: Tests For Ordinal Data | |
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| Tests for ordinal data | |
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| The sign test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The related samples sign test | |
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| The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test | |
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| The Mann-Whitney U test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The Mann-Whitney U test | |
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| The Kruskal-Wallis H test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The Kruskal-Wallis H test | |
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| The Friedman test | |
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| SPSS in Focus: The Friedman test | |
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| APA in Focus: Reporting nonparametric tests | |
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| Mathematics in Statistics | |
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| Positive and negative numbers | |
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| Addition | |
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| Subtraction | |
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| Multiplication | |
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| Division | |
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| Fractions | |
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| Decimals and percents | |
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| Exponents and roots | |
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| Order of computation | |
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| Equations: Solving for x | |
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| Summation notation | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Unit Normal Table | |
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| The t Table | |
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| The F Table | |
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| Studentized Range Statistic Table | |
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| The Pearson Correlation Table | |
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| The Spearman Correlation Table | |
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| The Chi-square Table | |
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| Binomial Probability Distribution Table | |
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| The Wilcoxon T Table | |
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| The Mann-Whitney U Table | |
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| Chapter Solutions For Even Numbered Problems | |