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Preface to Fourth Edition | |
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Preface to Third Edition | |
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Preface to Second Edition | |
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Preface to First Edition | |
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Author's Acknowledgements | |
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Publisher's Acknowledgements | |
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What do sociolinguists study? | |
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What is a sociolinguist? | |
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Why do we say the same thing in different ways? | |
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What are the different ways we say things? | |
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Social factors, dimensions and explanations | |
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Multilingual Speech Communities | |
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Language choice in multilingual communities | |
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Choosing your variety or code | |
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Diglossia | |
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Code-switching or code-mixing | |
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Language maintenance and shift | |
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Language shift in different communities | |
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Language death and language loss | |
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Factors contributing to language shift | |
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How can a minority language be maintained? | |
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Language revivalt | |
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Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations | |
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Vernacular languages | |
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Standard languages | |
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Lingua francas | |
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Pidgins and Creoles | |
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National languages and language planning | |
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National and official languages | |
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Planning for a national official language | |
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Developing a standard variety in Norway | |
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The linguist's role in language planning | |
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Language Variation: Focus on Users | |
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Regional and social dialects | |
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Regional variation | |
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Social variation | |
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Social dialects | |
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Gender and age | |
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Gender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities | |
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Gender-preferential speech features: social dialect research | |
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Gender and social class | |
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Explanations of women's linguistic behaviour | |
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Age-graded features of speech | |
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Age and social dialect data | |
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Age grading and language change | |
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Ethnicity and social networks | |
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Ethnicity | |
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Social networks | |
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Language change | |
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Variation and change | |
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How do changes spread? | |
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How do we study language change? | |
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Reasons for language change | |
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Language Variation: Focus on Uses | |
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Style, context and register | |
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Addressee as an influence on style | |
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Accommodation theory | |
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Context, style and class | |
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Style in non-Western societies | |
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Register | |
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Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communication | |
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The functions of speech | |
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Politeness and address forms | |
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Linguistic politeness in different cultures | |
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Gender, politeness and stereotypes | |
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Women's language and confidence | |
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Interaction | |
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Gossip | |
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The linguistic construction of gender | |
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The linguistic construction of sexuality | |
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Sexist language | |
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Language, cognition and culture | |
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Language and perception | |
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Whorf | |
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Linguistic categories and culture | |
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Discourse patterns and culture | |
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Language, social class and cognition | |
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Analysing discourse | |
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Pragmatics and politeness theory | |
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Ethnography of speaking | |
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Interactional sociolinguistics | |
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Conversation Analysis (CA) | |
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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) | |
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Attitudes and applications | |
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Attitudes to language | |
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Sociolinguistics and education | |
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Sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Sociolinguistic competence | |
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Dimensions of sociolinguistic analysis | |
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Sociolinguistic universal | |
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References | |
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Appendix: phonetic symbols | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |