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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social Identity | |
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| Racial/Ethnic Identity | |
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| Gender Identity | |
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| Sexual Identity | |
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| Age Identity | |
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| Disability Identity | |
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| Class Identity | |
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| Organization of Book | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Theoretical Foundations of Research in Mass Media Representations | |
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| Mass Media Representations: Social Psychological Perspectives | |
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| Framing | |
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| Social Comparison Theory | |
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| Socialization | |
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| Cultivation Theory | |
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| Media Representations: Critical Perspectives | |
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| Hegemony | |
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| The Concept of Representation | |
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| Feminist Theory | |
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| Three Waves of Feminism | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Native Americans | |
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| Historical Background to Native American Representations | |
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| Native Americans in Film | |
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| Native Americans in Entertainment Television | |
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| Representation of Native Americans in the News | |
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| Native Americans and New Media | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of African Americans | |
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| Historical Background to African American Representations | |
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| African Americans in Film | |
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| African Americans in Entertainment Television | |
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| African American Music | |
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| Representation of African Americans in the News | |
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| African Americans and Advertisements | |
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| African Americans in the Media Business | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Hispanics | |
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| Historical Background to Hispanic Representations | |
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| Hispanics in Film | |
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| Hispanics in Entertainment Television | |
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| Spanish-language Programs in the United States | |
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| Hispanics and Radio | |
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| Representation of Hispanics in the News | |
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| Spanish-language Newspapers in the United States | |
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| Spanish-language Magazines in the United States | |
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| Hispanics in Advertising | |
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| Hispanics and New Media | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Arabs/Arab Americans | |
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| Historical Background to Arab/Arab American Representations | |
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| Arabs/Arab Americans in Film | |
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| Arabs/Arab Americans in Entertainment Television | |
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| Representation of Arabs/Arab Americans in the News | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Asians/Asian Americans | |
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| Historical Background to Asian/Asian American Representations | |
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| Asians/Asian Americans in Film | |
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| Asians/Asian Americans in Entertainment Television | |
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| Representation of Asians/Asian Americans in the News | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Gender in Television, Film, and Music Videos | |
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| Historical Background to Gender Representations in Film and Television | |
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| Gender in Film | |
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| Gender in Entertainment Television | |
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| Gender in Music Videos | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Gender in Print Media and Advertising | |
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| Historical Background to Women in the Print Media | |
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| Gender in Magazines | |
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| Gender in Print News | |
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| Gender in Advertising | |
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| Gender Trends and "The Male Gaze" | |
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| Gender in New Media | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and the Transgendered in the Media | |
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| Historical Background to LGBT Representations | |
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| LGBT in Film | |
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| LGBT in Entertainment Television | |
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| LGBT in Music and Radio | |
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| Representations of LGBT in the News | |
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| LGBT and Magazines | |
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| LGBT and Advertising | |
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| LGBT and New Media | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Age | |
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| Historical Background to Ageist Stereotypes and the Myths of Aging | |
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| Senior Citizens and Teenagers in the United States | |
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| Age in Film | |
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| Representations of Older and Elderly People | |
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| Representations of Teenagers | |
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| Age in Entertainment Television | |
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| Representations of Older and Elderly People | |
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| Representations of Teenagers | |
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| Representations of Age in the News | |
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| Representations of Older and Elderly People | |
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| Representations of Teenagers | |
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| Age and New Media | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of People with Disabilities | |
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| Historical Background to Representations of People with Disabilities | |
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| People with Disabilities in Film | |
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| People with Disabilities in Entertainment Television | |
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| People with Disabilities in the News | |
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| People with Disabilities in Advertising | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Representations of Class | |
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| Historical Background to Class Representations | |
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| Representations of Class in Film | |
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| Representations of Class in Entertainment Television | |
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| Representations of Class in the News | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Mass Media Industries Addressing Diversity | |
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| Broadcast News and Newspaper Industries and Diversity | |
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| The Magazine Industry and Diversity | |
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| Entertainment Industry and Diversity | |
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| The Mass Media Industry and Diversity Statements/Initiatives | |
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| Interviews with Mass Media Professionals | |
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| Brent Merrill | |
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| Kent Takano | |
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| Lisa Fernandez | |
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| Rebecca Traister | |
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| Richard Prince | |
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| Huma Razvi | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Common Threads in Mass Media Representations | |
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| Psychological Impact of Mass Media Representations | |
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| Minority Media as Counteracting Agents | |
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| Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider | |
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| Notes | |
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| Digging Deeper | |
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| One Representation Replaces Another | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Sexuality and Power | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Rules and Regulations Impact Representations | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| The Symbolic Annihilation of a Social Group | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Minorities as the "Other" | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Reliance of the News on White "Expert" Sources | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| "False" Framing and Misrepresentation | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Online = New Opportunities | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Changes, Contradictions, and an Ever-moving Continuum | |
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| Suggestions for Further Exploration | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary of Key Terms/Concepts | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |