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List of Figures | |
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List of Plates | |
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Foreword | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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The NAS Handbook � why it was written | |
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Underwater archaeology | |
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What is archaeology? | |
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What is archaeology under water? | |
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What is not archaeology under water? | |
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Closely related and complementary approaches | |
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Further information | |
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Getting involved in underwater and foreshore archaeology | |
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Further information | |
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Basic principles � making the most of the clues | |
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The importance of underwater sites | |
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Site types | |
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The range of evidence on an archaeological site | |
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Links between categories of evidence | |
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Using the evidence | |
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Dating | |
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Environment and site-formation processes | |
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The deterioration of wood | |
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Culture and site-formation processes | |
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Further information | |
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Project planning | |
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The project design | |
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Further information | |
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Safety on archaeological sites under water and on the foreshore | |
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Risk assessments | |
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Diving project plan | |
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Codes of practice | |
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Control of diving operations | |
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Working under water | |
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Potential diving problems and solutions | |
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Safety during excavation | |
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Inter-tidal site safety | |
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Further information | |
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International and national laws relating to archaeology under water | |
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Jurisdiction � where do the laws apply? | |
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The regime in international waters | |
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International salvage law | |
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Underwater cultural heritage and salvage law | |
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Ownership of underwater cultural heritage | |
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Abandonment of ownership | |
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National legislation | |
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International conventions | |
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Case studies | |
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Further information | |
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Archaeological recording | |
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The need for recording | |
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Recording systems | |
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Planning the recording: what to record | |
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Recording information on site | |
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Recording timbers | |
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Recording contexts | |
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Recording stratigraphy | |
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Recording environmental evidence | |
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Recording samples | |
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Recording survey results | |
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Recording plans and sections | |
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Recording photographic results | |
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Conservation records | |
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Identifying archaeological material | |
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Tags and labelling | |
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Storing the information | |
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Computing options and issues | |
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Geographical information systems | |
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Explaining, documenting and supervising the system | |
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Further information | |
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Historical research | |
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Types of evidence | |
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Locating primary sources | |
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The internet | |
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Methods of research | |
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Further information | |
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Photography | |
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Photographic theory | |
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Digital photography | |
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Surface photography | |
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Photographing finds | |
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Underwater photography | |
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Underwater photographic techniques | |
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Digital darkroom | |
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Mosaics � photo or video | |
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Video cameras | |
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Video technique | |
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Video editing | |
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Further information | |
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Position-fixing | |
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Geographical coordinates | |
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Accuracy | |
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Methods of position-fixing | |
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Equipment | |
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Further information | |
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Underwater search methods | |
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Positioning | |
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Coverage | |
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Safety | |
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Diver search methods | |
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Geophysical and remote-sensing surveys | |
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Search patterns, navigation and positioning | |
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Acoustic systems | |
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Bathymetric survey | |
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Echo-sounders | |
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Multibeam swath systems | |
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Bottom-classification systems | |
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Sidescan sonar | |
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Sub-bottom profiling | |
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Magnetometry | |
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Integrated surveys | |
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Submersibles: ROVs and AUVs | |
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Aerial photography | |
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Further information | |
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Underwater survey | |
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Types of survey | |
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An initial sketch | |
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Planning | |
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Setting up a baseline/control points | |
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Installing survey points | |
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The principles of survey | |
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Offsets | |
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Ties/trilateration | |
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Survey using tape-measures, grids and drafting film | |
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Vertical control (height/depth | |
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Drawing/planning frames | |
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Grid-frames | |
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Processing measurements and drawing up the site-plan | |
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Three-dimensional computer-based survey | |
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Acoustic positioning systems | |
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Positioning the site in the real world | |
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Further information | |
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Destructive investigative techniques | |
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Probing | |
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Sampling | |
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Excavation | |
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Further information | |
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Archaeological conservation and first-aid for finds | |
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Underwater burial environments | |
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Materials degradation and post-excavation deterioration | |
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Principal risks to finds during and after recovery | |
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Principles and procedures for first-aid for underwater finds | |
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Lifting, handling and transportation | |
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Approaches to packing and storage | |
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Sampling and analysis | |
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Initial cleaning | |
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Holding and pre-conservation treatment solutions | |
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Record-keeping | |
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X-radiography and facilities | |
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Health and safety | |
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Insurance | |
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Checklists | |
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Further information | |
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Site monitoring and protection | |
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Monitoring | |
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Protection | |
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Further information | |
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Archaeological illustration | |
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Basic drawing equipment | |
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Drawing archaeological material | |
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Recording �by eye� | |
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Recording decoration and surface detail | |
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Recording constructional and other detail | |
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Post-fieldwork photography and laser scanning | |
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Presenting a range of complex information | |
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Further information | |
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Post-fieldwork analysis and archiving | |
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Handling material and keeping records | |
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Post-fieldwork treatment of survey work | |
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Specialist analysis | |
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Interpretation and gathering supporting evidence from other sources | |
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Producing an archaeological archive | |
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Further information | |
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Presenting, publicizing and publishing archaeological work | |
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The importance of publicizing | |
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Identifying and satisfying an audience | |
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Methods of presentation | |
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Writing reports and publications | |
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A significant achievement and contribution | |
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Further information | |
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anchor recording | |
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Stone anchors | |
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Stock anchors | |
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Further information | |
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guns | |
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The importance of sea-bed recording | |
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Identification of material | |
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Classification by methods of loading | |
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Classification by shape | |
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Inscriptions and decoration | |
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Projectiles, charges and tampions | |
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Recording and illustrating guns | |
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Further information | |
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NAS training programme | |
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An introduction to foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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intermediate certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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advanced certificate in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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diploma in foreshore and underwater archaeology | |
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Further information | |
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Glossary | |
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References and further reading | |
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Index | |