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| Preface | |
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| Constructing Our Public Philosophies | |
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| Public Philosophies and Political Ideologies | |
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| Political Theory | |
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| Searching for an Underlying Consensus Within Pluralism | |
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| Ideas Beyond the Underlying Consensus of Pluralism | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Participants in our Political Conversations | |
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| Voices from the Major Ideologies of the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Classical Liberalism: Building Democratic Capitalism | |
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| Traditional Conservatism: Defending the Old Social Order | |
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| Anarchism: Rebelling Against Authority | |
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| Marxism: Pursuing a Classless Society | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Prominent Totalitarian and Pluralist Voices of the Twentieth Century | |
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| Communism: Fighting Imperialism in Developing Societies | |
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| Fascism and Nazism: Totalitarian Control to Strengthen the Collective | |
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| Contemporary Liberalism: Reforming Capitalism and Democracy | |
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| Contemporary Conservatism: Opposing Liberal and Socialist Programs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Radical and Extreme Voices in Contemporary Politics | |
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| The Radical Left: Seeking More Egalitarian and Communal Societies | |
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| The Radical Right: Seeking More Economic Freedom or Moral Consensus | |
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| The Extreme Right: Returning to More Homogeneous Societies | |
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| The Extreme Left: Deconstructing Global Neoliberalism | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Philosophical Assumptions: Their Importance as Foundations for Political Principles | |
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| Questions of Ontology | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Emphasizing the "Great Chain of Being" | |
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| Classical Liberals: Deism, Naturalism, and Materialism | |
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| Anarchists: Natural Interconnections, Ideas, and Conflicts | |
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| Marxists: Economic Determinism | |
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| Communists: Revising Dialectical Materialism | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Heroic Will and Racial Struggle | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Deemphasizing Ontology and Embracing Contingency | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Appreciating the World As It Is | |
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| The Radical Right: Refuting Charges of Economic and Divine Determination | |
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| The Extreme Right: Expecting a Divine Apocalypse | |
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| The Radical Left: Tempering Material Forces with Socialist Ideals | |
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| The Extreme Left: Releasing Human Imagination, Constrained by Ecological Limits | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Human Nature | |
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| Classical Liberals: Humans as Equal and Rational Pursuers of Happiness | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Defining Humans by their Places in Society | |
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| Anarchists: Seeing Human Altruism as Hindered by Conventional Institutions | |
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| Marxists: Conceiving Humans as Creative Laborers | |
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| Communists: Creating a "New Man" | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Energizing the Will of "the Herd" | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Fostering Autonomy, Reason, and Moral Development | |
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| The Radical Left: Stressing our Common Humanity and Individual Differences | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Accepting Human Imperfection | |
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| The Radical Right: Embedding Humans in Moral Communities and/or Free Markets | |
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| The Extreme Right: Regarding Humans as either Good or Evil | |
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| The Extreme Left: Rejecting an Essential Human Nature | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Society | |
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| Classical Liberals: Individuals Seeking Mutual Benefits Through a Social Contract | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Organic Societies that Come Before Individuals | |
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| Anarchists: Natural Societies Built on Friendship | |
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| Marxists: Transforming Class-Based Societies into Classless Ones | |
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| Communists: Non-Proletarian Contributions to a Classless Society | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Defining Society in Nationalist and Racist Terms | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Promoting Social Pluralism | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Seeing Society as a Delicate Watch | |
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| The Radical Right: Holding either Communitarian or Libertarian Visions of Society | |
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| The Radical Left: Searching for More Communal and Egalitarian Societies | |
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| The Extreme Right: Seeking Homogeneous Societies | |
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| The Extreme Left: Longing for Societies of "Singularities Pursuing the Common" | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Epistemology | |
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| Classical Liberals: Moving from Natural Rights to Utilitarianism | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Doubting Reason, Stressing Conventional Wisdom | |
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| Anarchists: Depending on a Vision of Human and Social Possibility | |
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| Marxists: A Science Showing the Inevitability, not the Goodness, of Communism | |
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| Communists: Generating Truths from Authoritative Readings of Marx | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Finding Absolute Truth in the Intuitions of a Political Leader | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Emphasizing Pragmatism | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Using a Social Science of Political Failure | |
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| The Radical Right: Finding Meaning in Tradition and Truth through Science | |
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| The Radical Left: Emphasizing Political Rationality | |
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| The Extreme Right: Finding Truth in Authoritative Texts and Leaders | |
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| The Extreme Left: Contesting and Deconstructing all Truths | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Great Issues of Politics: Consensual and Contested Principles | |
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| Questions of Community | |
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| Classical Liberals: Presupposing the Primacy of Nations | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Patriots Lacking Nationalist Fervor | |
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| Anarchists: Rejecting Conventional Communities While Seeking Natural Ones | |
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| Marxists: Identifying with the Working Class and Eventually Humanity | |
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| Communists: Fighting Imperialism Through Nationalist Appeals | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Embracing a Unified Nation and an Aryan State | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Nations Built on Individual and Group Differences | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Seeking Moral, but not Communitarian, Countries | |
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| The Radical Right: Competing Global, National, and Sub-National Loyalties | |
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| The Radical Left: Pursuing Solidarity Among Diverse People in Many Polities | |
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| The Extreme Right: Rejecting Multiple Community Identities | |
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| The Extreme Left: Deconstructing Current Identities | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Citizenship | |
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| Classical Liberals: Curbing Citizenship, Providing Limited Rights and Obligations | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Stressing Loyalty and Obedience to Authorities | |
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| Anarchists: Comrades Without Political Obligations | |
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| Marxists: Transforming Alienated Workers into Public-Spirited Comrades | |
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| Communists: Transforming Oppressed People into Obedient Revolutionaries | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Mobilizing Dutiful Citizens for Purposes of State | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Pursuing Inclusion and Expanding Rights | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Developing More Responsible Citizens | |
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| The Radical Right: Privileging Property Rights and Instilling Virtue | |
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| The Radical Left: Embracing Multiple and Deep Citizenships | |
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| The Extreme Right: Restricting Citizenship | |
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| The Extreme Left: Changing Passive Citizens into Contentious Ones | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Structure | |
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| Classical Liberals: Designing Free Markets and Representative Democracies | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Emphasizing Civil Society and Cultural Norms | |
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| Anarchists: Rejecting All Conventional Structures | |
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| Marxists: Stressing the Oppression of Capitalism | |
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| Communists: Emphasizing Party Organizations | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Empowering Totalitarian States | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Balancing and Integrating Government and Capitalism | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Reining in Strong States | |
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| The Radical Right: More Freedom in The Marketplace and Less Cultural Freedom | |
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| The Radical Left: Pursuing Market Socialism and Democratic Cultures | |
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| The Extreme Right: Seeking Theocracies | |
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| The Extreme Left: Fighting Globalization and Other Forms of Domination | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Rulers | |
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| Classical Liberals: Empowering Representatives While Holding Them Accountable | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Finding a Place for Elitism Within Democracy | |
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| Anarchists: Rejecting All Rulers | |
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| Marxists: The Need for a Temporary Dictatorship of the Proletariat | |
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| Communists: The Need for a Vanguard of the Proletariat | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Concentrating Power in the Hands of a Single Ruler | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: More Representative and Responsive Democracies | |
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| The Radical Left: More Inclusive and Participatory Democracies | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: More Formal Representative Democracy | |
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| The Radical Right: Democracy as Freedom | |
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| The Extreme Right: Imagining Conspiracies | |
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| The Extreme Left: Seeing Formidable Obstacles to Radical and Global Democracy | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Authority | |
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| Classical Liberals: Authorizing Limited Governments that Secure (Property) Rights | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Orchestrating Social Harmony | |
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| Anarchists: Rejecting All Governmental Authority | |
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| Marxists: Authority As Oppressive, Then Necessary, and Finally Eliminated | |
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| Communists: Justifying Massive Authority as a Means to Abolish the State | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Embracing Totalitarian State Authority | |
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| Contemporary Liberalism: From Limited Government to a Strong State | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Limiting the Activity of Governments | |
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| The Radical Right: Starving Government While Imposing Social Regulations | |
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| The Radical Left: Enhancing the Public Sphere | |
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| The Extreme Right: Resisting Authority that Disregards Sacred Texts | |
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| The Extreme Left: Contesting Governmental Authority | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Justice | |
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| Classical Liberals: Equal Dignity but Unequal Rewards | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Unequal Rights but Commensurate Responsibilities | |
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| Anarchists: Right Conduct in the Absence of Just Institutions | |
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| Marxists: Transcending the Circumstances of Justice | |
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| Communists: Using Social Control to Build a Society in which All Needs are Met | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: National or Racial Dominance as More Important than Justice | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Compensating for Undeserved Disadvantages | |
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| The Radical Left: Pursuing a More Egalitarian Society | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Criticizing Social Justice, Emphasizing Compassion | |
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| The Radical Right: Focusing on Fair Procedures and the Pursuit of the Common Good | |
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| The Extreme Right: Regarding Moral Goodness as the Basis of Just Outcomes | |
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| The Extreme Left: Decrying Global Injustice while Striving to Share "the Common" | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions of Change | |
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| Classical Liberals: Seeking Economic, Intellectual, and Moral Progress | |
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| Traditional Conservatives: Slowing the Winds of Change | |
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| Marxists: Predicting Revolution From Below | |
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| Anarchists: Calling for Rebellion rather than Revolution | |
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| Communists: Generating Revolutions While Deviating From Marxist Orthodoxy | |
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| Fascists and Nazis: Revolutionary Change Toward Certain Conservative Values | |
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| Contemporary Liberals: Achieving Fundamental Change Incrementally | |
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| Contemporary Conservatives: Pursuing Reforms - of "Failed" Liberal Programs | |
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| The Radical Right: Seeking Major Changes, even if they Enhance Inequalities | |
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| The Extreme Right: Returning to a Past of Greater Moral Certainty | |
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| The Radical Left: Evolutionary Change Toward More Democratic Equality | |
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| The Extreme Left: Wholesale and Ongoing Change - Without Revolutions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |